CH9

Question 1

Andenaes defines deterrence as:

threat and punishment
influencing by fear
specific prevention
apprehension and punishment
none of the above

Answer 1

influencing by fear

Question 2

The two types of deterrence are:

general and special
incapacitation and punishment
general and specific
generic and incapacitation
none of the above

Answer 2

general and specific

Question 3

“Punishing offenders as an example to others with the express intent of having an impact on others who may contemplate breaking the law; others will not offend in order to avoid punishment” defines:

specific deterrence
incapacitation
societal deterrence
general deterrence
none of the above

Answer 3

general deterrence

Question 4

The research approach that constitutes a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional_____designs is:

panel design
meta-analysis
perceptual design
cross-time design
none of the above

Answer 4

panel design

Question 5

The individual who claimed that more than 20 homicides are deterred for every execution in cross-sectional research was:

Gibbs
Ehrlich
Tittle
Andenaes
none of the above

Answer 5

Ehrlich

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of longitudinal research?

eliminates the differences between the areas under study
able to isolate when interventions and changes occur
costs can be spread out
ability to evaluate the time lag between the intervention and change
all of the above are advantages

Answer 6

costs can be spread out

Question 7

The findings from recent meta-analyses of the deterrent effect of sanctions show:

no deterrent impact
longitudinal and panel studies find a deterrent effect
cross-sectional studies show the greatest impact
a general consensus that deterrence works
none of the above

Answer 7

longitudinal and panel studies find a deterrent effect

Question 8

Research on perceptions finds that ___________ has the most impact on behavior.

deterrence
incapacitation
experience
peer behavior
none of the above

Answer 8

experience

Question 9

The overall research on perceptions reports:

• certainty of apprehension appears to hold the most potential
• severity of punishment has the most impact
• celerity of punishment is the least important
• both deterrence and experience are equally important
• none of the above

Answer 9

certainty of apprehension appears to hold the most potential

Question 10

The deterrence literature:

• finds a strong argument that the law and sanctions have a major impact on offending
• fails to find any perceptual factors involved in the law and sanctions that have any impact on offending
• finds that celerity has a major role in determining the impact of both punishment and incarceration
• fails to find any strong arguments that law and sanctions have any major impact on offending
• none of the above

Answer 10

finds a strong argument that the law and sanctions have a major impact on offending

Question 11

Specific deterrence focuses on the activity of an individual who has already violated the law and seeks to prevent such an individual from committing future criminal acts

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Celerity refers to the chances of being caught and punished for one’s behavior

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Longitudinal analyses look for changes over time, primarily due to shifts in law or criminal justice system activity

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Sentence severity is the most important factor in deterrence

Answer 14

False

Question 15

The idea that executions increase subsequent offending is known as the punishment effect

Answer 15

False

Question 16

Most of the recent panel analyses claim strong support for a deterrent effect of the death penalty

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Studies find that offenders are very aware of the legal codes and changes in the law that could impact them

Answer 17

False