Ch.9 The Urinary System Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
Function of the kidneys
A
Filter the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations, and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body
2
Q
Function of the renal pelvis
A
Collects urine produced by the kidneys
3
Q
Urine function
A
Liquid waste products to be excreted
4
Q
Function of ureters
A
Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
5
Q
Function of the urethra.
A
Transports urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus, where it is excreted.
6
Q
Function of the prostrate.
A
Gland of male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra.
7
Q
nephr/o, ren/o
A
kidneys
8
Q
ur/o, urin/o
A
urine
9
Q
ureter/o
A
urethra
10
Q
prostat/o
A
prostate
11
Q
-cele
A
hernia, tumor, swelling
12
Q
cyst/o
A
urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid
13
Q
dia-
A
through, between, apart, complete
14
Q
-ectasis
A
stretching, dilation, enlargement
15
Q
glomerul/o
A
glomerulus
16
Q
lith/o
A
stone,calculus
17
Q
-lysis
A
breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
18
Q
-pexy
A
surgical fixation
19
Q
pyel/o
A
renal pelvis, bowl of kidney
20
Q
-tripsy
A
to crush
21
Q
ur/o
A
urine, urinary tract
22
Q
ureter/o
A
ureter
23
Q
urethr/o
A
urethra
24
Q
Homeostasis
A
the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
25
home/o
constant
26
-stasis
control
27
The major waste product of protein metabolism
Urea
28
What the kidneys excrete by converting the body's waste products and excess fluids
urine
29
6 parts of urinary system
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra
30
Renal
pertaining to the kidneys
31
Renal cortex
the outer region of the kidney
32
medulla
inner region of the kidney containing most of the urine-collecting tubules
33
The microscopic functional unit of each kidney
nephrons
34
Where is urine produced?
nephrons
35
Glomerulus
cluster of capillaries in each nephron
36
Renal tubule
small tube in each nephron
37
Where does blood enter the kidney through and where does it flow to?
The renal artery; the nephrons
38
How does filtered blood return to the bloodstream?
the renal vein
39
Funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters.
renal pelvis
40
tubes that transport urine from the kidney to the bladder with the help of peristalsis
ureters
41
Urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through _____ in the wall of the urinary bladder.
ureteral orifices
42
An oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urrine before it is excreted from the body
urinary bladder
43
The tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body
urethra
44
The external opening of the urethra
urethral meatus
45
female urethra
1.5 inches long; transports only urine, meatus b/w clitoris and vaginal opening
46
male urethra
8 inches long; transports urine & semen; meatus at tip o penis
47
prostate gland
part of the male reproductive system that surrounds the urethra
48
Urination
(aka voiding or micturation) the normal process of excreting urine; As the bladder fills up w/urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra, resulting in the urge to urinate
49
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys
nephrologist
50
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system
urologist
51
Any dz of the kidney
nephropathy
52
Renal failure
the inability of 1 or both of the kidneys to perform the functions as a result of too many nephrons being destroyed
53
An elevation of the blood urea nitrogen caused by lack of blood flow to each kidney
Azotemia
54
A toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney fx is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood
Uremia
55
Sudden onset condition characterized by uremia that can be caused by dehydration or drop in blood volume or pressure
Acute renal failure
56
The progressive loss of renal function which may result from DM, HTN, family hx
Chronic Kidney Disease
57
The final stage in kidney dz where it is fatal unless replaced by dialysis or transplant
End-stage renal disease
58
A group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost in urine d/t damage to glomeruli
Nephrotic syndrome
59
Excessive fluid accumulation
edema
60
the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
hyperproteinuria
61
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
hypoproteinemia
62
The swelling of one or both kidneys
hydronephrosis
63
an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys
nephritis
64
A type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes RBCs and proteins to leak into the urine
Glomerulonephritis
65
AKA "floating kidney", is the prolapse, or dropping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands
Nephroptosis
66
-ptosis
droop or sag
67
AKA "pyonephrosis", is the formation or discharge of pus of the kidney
Nephropyosis
68
py
pus
69
A genetic d/o characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
70
An Acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone)
Renal colic
71
colic
spasms of pain in the abdomen
72
Wilms tumor
a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
73
An abnormal mineral deposit
stone (aka calculus)
74
The presence of stones in the kidney
nephrolithiasis
75
Name of stone found in kidney
nephrolith (aka kidney stone or renal calculus)
76
Stone located anywhere along the ureter
ureterolith
77
A stone located within the urinary bladder
cystolith
78
The distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
hydroureter
79
The distention of a ureter d/t hydroureter or congenital abnormalities
Ureterectasis
80
The discharge of blood from the ureter
Ureterorrhagia
81
Pain in the bladder
Cystalgia
82
-ectasis
enlargement
83
A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
cystocele
84
-cele
hernia
85
Chronic inflammation w/in the walls of the bladder
Interstitial cystitits
86
The backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder
vesicoureteral reflux
87
vesic/o
bladder
88
An abnormal opening b/w the bladder and the vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
vesicovaginal fistula
89
A urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
neurogenic bladder
90
Any disease or damage to a nerve
Neuropathy
91
An enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over 50 making urination difficult
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
92
Hyperplasia
an increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth
93
A disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatism
94
One of the most common cancers among men
Prostate cancer
95
A group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
96
Bleeding from the urethra
urethrorrhagia
97
An abnormal discharge from the urethra that can be associated with stds
urethrorrhea
98
Narrowing of the urethra
urethrostenosis
99
A congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where males is on the upper surface of penis and females is in the clit region
epispadias
100
A congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where males is on underside of penis and females opens into vagina
Hypospadias
101
Infection of urinary system caused by bacteria, most often E. Coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
102
An inflammation of the bladder
cystitis
103
An inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney
pyelonephritis
104
An inflammation of the urethra
Urethritis
105
The absence of urine formation by the kidneys
Anuria
106
The increased output of urine
diuresis
107
Difficult or painful urination
dysuria
108
The involuntary discharge of urine
enuresis
109
en-
into
110
-uria, -uresis
urination
111
Urinary incontinence during sleep
nocturnal enuresis
112
Frequent and excessive urination during the night
nocturia
113
Scanty urination
Oliguria
114
Excessive urination
Polyuria
115
Difficulty in starting a urinary stream
Urinary hesitancy
116
The inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate.
Urinary retention (aka ischuria)
117
The inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both
Incontinence
118
The inability to control the voiding of urine
Urinary incontinence
119
Continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely.
Overflow incontinence
120
The inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing.
Stress incontinence
121
Occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate.
Overactive bladder
122
The examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
urinalysis
123
-alysis
a study of the parts
124
The use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination.
bladder ultrasound
125
The insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes or to drain urine from bladder, or to place meds into bladder
Urinary catheterization
126
The visual examination of the bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope
Cystoscopy
127
A diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
Voiding cystourethrography
128
Used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system which provides additional imaging of the abdomen
Computed tomography
129
A blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
130
A radiographic, or xray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter
Cystography
131
A radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters
Intravenous pyelography
132
A radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium
KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder- but doesn't show the ureters) aka flat-plate of the abdomen
133
A radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract
Retrograde urography
134
Performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement
digital rectal examination
135
Blood test used to screen for prostate cancer
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
136
Medications administered to increase urine secretion
diuretics
137
A procedure to remove waste products (urea, creatinine, and excess water) from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function
Dialysis
138
The process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood
Hemodialysis
139
Treatment where the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
peritoneal dialysis
140
The surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
nephrolysis
141
-lysis
setting free
142
The surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney
nephropexy
143
The placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
nephrostomy
144
A surgical incision into the renal pelvis
pyelotomy
145
The grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys.
Renal transplantation
146
Kidney stone treatment where high energy ultrasonic waves travel through water or gel to break stone into fragments
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
147
-tripsy
to crush
148
The surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
149
The surgical removal of a ureter
ureterectomy
150
The surgical suturing of a ureter
ureterorrhaphy
151
A treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter where a ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra and bladder into the ureter
ureteroscopy
152
The surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
cystectomy
153
The use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
ileal conduit
154
ile
ileum or small intestine
155
The surgical fixationof the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystopexy
156
The surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder
cystorrhaphy
157
A surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder
lithotomy
158
Performed to withdraw urine
urinary catheterization
159
type of catheter that remains inside the body for a prolonged period of time based on need
indwelling catheter
160
Performed by inserting a catheter/tube through the urethra and into the bladder
urethral catheterization
161
The placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
suprapubic catheterization
162
The most common type of indwelling catheter. Has flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place.
Foley catheter
163
Short-term catheter
intermittent catheter
164
A surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening
meatotomy
165
The surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
urethroplasty
166
A surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
urethrotomy
167
Prostate cancer tx involving the removal of a body part or destruction of its function through use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery
Ablation
168
The surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland
prostatectomy
169
The removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope
transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)
170
When an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder
Retrograde ejaculation
171
Series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor
Kegel exercises
172
A behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity.
Bladder retraining
