Chapter 4 Flashcards
The Muscular System
1
Q
Function of muscles
A
Make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat
2
Q
Combining forms for muscles
A
muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
3
Q
Function of fascia
A
cover, support, and separate muscles
4
Q
Combining form for fascia
A
fasci/o
5
Q
Function of tendons
A
attach muscles to bones
6
Q
Combining forms for tendons
A
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
7
Q
bi
A
twice, double, two
8
Q
-cele
A
hernia, tumor, swelling
9
Q
dys-
A
bad, difficult, or painful
10
Q
fasci/o
A
fascia, fibrous band
11
Q
fibr/o
A
fibrous tissue, fiber
12
Q
-ia
A
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
13
Q
-ic
A
pertaining to
14
Q
kines/o, kinesi/o
A
movement
15
Q
my/o
A
muscle
16
Q
-plegia
A
paralysis, stroke
17
Q
-rrhexis
A
rupture
18
Q
tax/o
A
coordination, order
19
Q
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
A
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
20
Q
ton/o
A
tone, stretching, tension
21
Q
tri-
A
three
22
Q
The long, slender cells that make up muscles
A
muscle fibers
23
Q
Fascia
A
flexible band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
24
Q
myofascial
A
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
25
A narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
Tendon
26
Difference between ligaments and tendons.
Ligaments join bone to bone. Tendons attach muscle to bone.
27
Patellar tendon
attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella
28
Achilles tendon
attaches the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle to the heel bone
29
A sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone
aponeurosis (plural, aponeuroses)
30
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, myocardial
31
Type of muscles attached to bones and make body motions possible
skeletal muscle (aka voluntary muscles and aka striated (striped) muscles)
32
Type of muscles located in walls of internal organs and function to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures
smooth muscles (involuntary & unstriated & visceral)
33
Form the muscular walls of the heart
myocardial muscles (aka myocardium or cardiac muscle)- striated but involuntary
34
The stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
muscle innervation
35
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and a muscle
36
antagonistic
working in opposition to each other
37
The tightening of a muscle
contraction
38
The center of a muscle
belly
39
Occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
relaxation
40
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
abduction
41
ab-
away from
42
duct
to lead
43
-ion
action
44
Type of muscle that moves a body part away from the midline
abductor
45
The movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
adduction
46
ad-
toward
47
Type of muscle that moves a body part toward the midline
adductor
48
Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
Flexion
49
Type of muscle that bends a limb at a joint
flexor muscle
50
Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
Extension
51
ex-
away from
52
tens
to stretch out
53
-ion
action
54
flex
to bend
55
Type of muscle that straightens a limb at a joint
extensor muscle
56
The extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
hyperextension
57
The act of raising or lifting a body part
elevation
58
Type of muscle that raises a body part
levator
59
levator anguli oris
muscles of the face that raise the corners of the mouth into a smile.
60
The act of lowering a body part
depression
61
Type of muscle that lowers a body part
depressor muscle
62
depressor anguli oris
facial muscles that lower the corner of the mouth into a frown
63
A circular movement around an axis such as the should joint
rotation
64
An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body
axis
65
The circular movement at the far end of a limb
circumduction
66
Type of muscle that turns a body part on its axis
rotator muscle
67
The group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus in place as it rotates with the shoulder joint
rotator cuff
68
The act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward
supination
69
The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
pronation
70
The movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
71
The movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
plantar flexion
72
Plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
73
Where the muscle begins
origin
74
Where the muscle ends
insertion
75
More movable muscle attachment and farthest from the midline
insertion
76
The muscle that helps bend the neck and rotate the head
sternocleidomastoid muscle
77
stern/o
sternum/breastbone
78
cleid/o
collar bone
79
Muscle that inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process
mastoid muscle
80
Pair of muscles that make flexion and extension of the wrist possible
flexor and extensor carpi muscles
81
A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall.
pectoralis major
82
Pectoral
relating to the chest
83
Lateralis
toward the side
84
Large muscle toward the outer side of the leg
vastus lateralis
85
Medialis
toward the midline
86
a muscle toward the midline of the leg
vastus medialis
87
Oblique
slanted or at an angle
88
Sphincter
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
89
transverse
in a crosswise direction
90
rectus
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
91
bi-
2
92
tri-
3
93
-ceps
head
94
muscle formed from 2 divisions
biceps brachii
95
muscle formed from three divisions
triceps brachii
96
the largest muscle of the buttock
gluteus maximus
97
Should muscle shaped like an inverted triangle
deltoid muscle
98
Muscle group located in the back of the leg that functions in knee flexion and hip extension
hamstring group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
99
Forehead muscles that raise and lower eyebrows
frontalis (or occipitofrontalis)
100
Moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
temporalis
101
This strong muscle moves the lower jaw up to close mouth when chewing
masseter
102
Chest muscles
pectoralis major
103
Muscles that flex and rotate the vertebral column, flex the torso, and compress the abdomen
external obliques
104
Muscles that flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, and rotate the spine
internal obliques
105
Helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
rectus abdominus
106
Core muscle that is engaged when a person laughs or coughs
transverse abdominis
107
Moves the head and shoulder blade
trapezius
108
Extends the leg at the knee
rectus femoris
109
Flexs and extends the leg at the knee
quadriceps femoris (includes vastus lateralis and vastus medialis)
110
Involved in knee flexion and hip extension
hamstring group
111
gastrocnemius
the calf muscle
112
A specialist who works under the supervision of a physican to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and adminster medical tests to promote physical fitness
exercise physiologist
113
a physician who specialized in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
neurologist
114
helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction
occupational therapist
115
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehab with the focus on restoring function
physiatrist
116
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
physical therapist
117
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
sports medicine physician
118
Fasciitis
(note double ii) inflammation of a fascia
119
fasci
fascia
120
A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain
Fibromyalgia
121
Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tenosynovitis
122
An inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
tendinitis
123
A disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems aka myalgic encephalomyelitis
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
124
A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
adhesion
125
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
atrophy
126
tenderness or pain in the muscles
myalgia
127
the herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear
myocele
128
The protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
hernia
129
The degeneration of muscle tissue
myolysis
130
-lysis
destruction or breaking down in disease
131
Means deterioration or breaking down
degeneration
132
Means the process of becoming worse
deterioration
133
The rupture or tearing of a muscle
myorrhexis
134
A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
polymyositis
135
A serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
rhabdomylosis
136
rhabdomy/o
striated muscle
137
The loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
sarcopenia
138
sarc/o
flesh
139
-penia
deficiency
140
The state of balanced muscle tension(contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
muscle tone
141
Lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atonic
142
a-
without
143
ton
tone
144
-ic
pertaining to
145
A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
146
A condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
hypotonia
147
The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
ataxia
148
tax
coordination
149
-ia
condition
150
The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
contracture
151
Intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.
152
Intermittent
coming and going at intervals
153
claudication
limping
154
Any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
spasm
155
A repeated spasm, often involving the eyelids or face
tic
156
The quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myoclonus
157
clon
violent action
158
-us
singular noun ending
159
Myoclonus of the diaphragm
singultus (aka hiccups)
160
A painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause
cramp
161
A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
Torticollis (aka wryneck)
162
Extreme slowness in movement
bradykinesia
163
brady-
slow
164
kines
movement
165
The distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dyskinesia
166
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hyperkinesia (or hyperactivity)
167
A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.
myasthenia gravis
168
-asthenia
weakness or lack of strength
169
Gravis
Latin word meaning grave or serious
170
General term that describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.
muscular dystrophy
171
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
most common form of muscular dystrophy in children (more severe)
172
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)
similar, but less severe, than DMD
173
A variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work
repetitive stress disorders (aka repetitive motion disorders)
174
Involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles.
compartment syndrome
175
Minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
overuse injuries
176
An inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
overuse tendinitis
177
tendin-
tendon
178
A chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
myofascial pain syndrome
179
Tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle
Trigger points
180
Pain that originates in one area of the body but is felt in another
referred pain
181
Occurs when inflamed and swollen tendon are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
impingement syndrome
182
An inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
rotator cuff tendinitis (tennis shoulder, pitcher's shoulder)
183
Develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
Ruptured rotator cuff
184
Symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.
carpal tunnel syndrome
185
The surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on the tendons and nerves
carpal tunnel release
186
a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
ganglion cyst
187
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
epicondylitis
188
epi-
on
189
condyl
condyle
190
Condyle
the round prominence at the end of a bone
191
Characterized by pain on the outer side of the forearm
lateral epidondylitis (aka tennis elbow)
192
Characterized by pain on the palm-side of the forearm
medial epicondylitis
193
A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus
heel spur
194
an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
plantar fasciitis
195
An injury to a joint which occurs when a ligament is torn or wrenched
sprain
196
An injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
strain
197
A painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
shin splints
198
Incomplete vs. complete injury
incomplete means that the person has some function below the level of injury, even though not normal while complete injury means that there is complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury
199
The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
paralysis
200
myoparesis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
201
-paresis
partial or incomplete paralysis
202
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
203
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
204
-plegia
paralysis
205
hemiplegic
an individual affected with hemiplegia
206
Paraplegia
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
207
paraplegic
an individual affected with paraplegia
208
quadraplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
209
quadriplegic
an individual affected with quadriplegia
210
Tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)
211
Reflex
an involuntary response to a stimulus
212
A diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
Range-of-motion testing (ROM)
213
A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
electromyography
214
electromyogram
the resulting record of an electromyography
215
muscle biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue for examination
216
Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
antispasmodic medicine (aka anticholinergic)
217
An antispasmodic medication that can be given before surgery to relax smooth muscles during surgery
atropine
218
Given to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
skeletal muscle relaxant
219
A drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
a neuromuscular blocker (aka neuromuscular blocking agent)
220
The study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
ergonomics
221
A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of certain conditions
myofascial release
222
Consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in perfoming ADLs
OT
223
Treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
PT
224
Uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
therapeutic ultrasound
225
Uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
226
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation
227
fasciotomy
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
228
fascioplasty
the surgical repair of a fascia
229
Tenodesis
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
230
Tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
231
Tenorrhaphy
the surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
232
Tenotomy
a surgical incision into a tendon
233
Used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT)
234
Some of a patient's blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood flow and healing
platelet-rich plasma therapy
235
Myorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of muscle
236
myotomy
a surgical incision into a muscle
