Challenges to the restored order an the failure of revolution 1830-49

Question 1

When was the congress of Vienna

Answer 1

1815

Question 2

what did the congress of Vienna do

Answer 2

restored the old order across the italian peninsula (after napoleonic rule)

Question 3

What is reactionary rule

Answer 3

Where a leader uses oppression to oppose changes

Question 4

How was reactionary rule guaranteed in Italy

Answer 4

Help available from Austrias military strength

Question 5

despite reactionary rule what was there still evidence of in some states

Answer 5

legacy of napoleonic rule, revolts and revolutions to challenge the restored order eg for a constitution etc

Question 6

What was wrong with any revolts that took place

Answer 6

they were small, unorganized and not on a national scale

Question 7

What was founded in 1831 and by who (first suggestion of nation state)

Answer 7

Young Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini

Question 8

what did Young Italy and other secret societies do

Answer 8

not widespread yet, but they planted the seeds of nationalism, democracy

Question 9

why was the idea of a nation state limited

Answer 9

because it threatened the established order

Question 10

what made up the Kingdom of Sardinia

Answer 10

Piedmont on the mainland and the island of Sardinia

Question 11

Who ruled in Sardinia

Answer 11

The house of Savoy from Turin, Victor Emmanuel 1– reactionary, removed laws and people appointed by napoleon. removed code napoleon

Question 12

What happened to Lombardy

Answer 12

returned to Austrian control

Question 13

what did lombardy maintain

Answer 13

number of military strongholds called the Quadlilateral

Question 14

Who Ruled the papal states

Answer 14

the Catholic church(POPE) – not just a spiritual leader he also has temporal power

Question 15

What did the papal states lack

Answer 15

a significant army – rely on other catholic countries

Question 16

what were Jesuits

Answer 16

A member of the Society of Jesus founded in the 16th century – hardline members

Question 17

What happened after 1815 (papal states)

Answer 17

Pope Pius vII returned to power and the code napoleon was abolished (not every where in the state eg in Romagna)

Question 18

What happened to venice

Answer 18

annexed by Austria– austrian control

Question 19

Central Duchies (Modena, Tuscany and Parma)

Answer 19

left firmly under Austrian influence after 1815- although nt as repressive (Grand Duke Ferdinand III)

Question 20

What was allowed in tuscany

Answer 20

improved education, set up hospitals and food relief, allowed freedom of expression

Question 21

Parma- what did Marie louise do

Answer 21

Repealed the code Napoleon in 1820 but, brought in something similar

Question 22

Modena- what did Duke Francis IV do

Answer 22

more repressive, reinstated the Jesuits order of influence

Question 23

who ruled the kingdom of Naples (icl. sicily)

Answer 23

The Bourbon Family in Naples

Question 24

What was in like in the South

Answer 24

desperate poverty, similar to medieval times in the countryside, Bourbons were absolute monarchs, land was owned by the church

Question 25

what happened in the south after 1815

Answer 25

bourbons (Ferdinand I) restored to power- got rid of all British and french influences

Question 26

What evidence of discontent was there during the 1820s

Answer 26

no national movements, but small groups like The Carbonari- secret societies.

Question 27

Who lost out from the restoration of the old monarchies?

Answer 27

purged army officers, civil servants

Question 28

where were there revolutions during 1820-1

Answer 28

Naples, Sicily and Piedmont

Question 29

What were the goals of the 1820s revs

Answer 29

challenge the legitimacy of the rule of some of the restored orders -- didn't go as far to challenge the rule of Austria -- not national

Question 30

what happened in france 1830

Answer 30

revolutionaries overthrew Charles X and replaced by more liberal Louis Philippe

Question 31

what did 1830s revs in france mean for italy

Answer 31

raised possibility of french support for a similar revolution in Italy, counterbalance power of Austria

Question 32

Modena 1831, who led the uprising

Answer 32

Enrico Misley, member of the carbonari, He was also a friend of the Duke of Modena

Question 33

Who was the Duke of Modena

Answer 33

Francesco IV

Question 34

What did Enrico Misley do

Answer 34

he tried to get the duke to support the uprising with a promise that he would be supported in becoming the king of a united Italy

Question 35

what happened after Misley enlisted the dukes help

Answer 35

duke had prominent leaders of the uprising arrested, fled to vienna to plead for help but while he was gone a provisional government was set up in parma as well-- both returned with Austria army and revolutions were destroyed

Question 36

Revolutions in the papal states 1831, what did the people want

Answer 36

not nationalists, but liberals who wanted to challenge the church and re-establish something similar to napoleonic rule

Question 37

What happened in the papal states revs 1831

Answer 37

provisional government was set up and a constitution was put in place- promised a reformed finance system , elected assembly etc

Question 38

How did Austria respond to the revs in the papal states?

Answer 38

took back Bologna, the revolutionaries surrendered because they were falsely promised amnesty...

Question 39

what happened at the end of 1831 in the papal states

Answer 39

more revolutions which led to more Austrian intervention in 1832, and the french came in in 1832 Ancona, papal armies swept through marches and crushed them brutally

Question 40

why did the revolutions of 1830-32 fail?

Answer 40

failure to gain foreign support, had hoped from France to help but first minister said they were not interested local, not national scale no communication or organisation between states mainly middle class, no violence used, divided aims and Austria too strong

Question 41

What was the Risorgimento

Answer 41

awareness of cultural identity across the peninsula--back to ideas of when Italy was united (Roman empire)

Question 42

Who was a writer who still recognised 'Italy" from the 16th century

Answer 42

Dante, wrote of Italia, so did Machiavelli but they only did so in terms of culture.. not as a nation state

Question 43

in the 18th and 19th century what did writers write about

Answer 43

mentioning national identity, not just referring to the states like piedmont etc

Question 44

How important were the Risorgimento writers?

Answer 44

not very, they had small audiences and mainly upper class

Question 45

What did the French revolution mean for the Risorgimento?

Answer 45

moved their ideas from just literary/cultural ones into actual political solutions

Question 46

What were Jacobins

Answer 46

they were the most ruthless radicals of the french revolution, they wanted universal liberty and the brotherhood of man

Question 47

What were Italian jacobins involved in?

Answer 47

plots to overthrow the government in Naples and Turin in 1794

Question 48

What is it important to remember about Italians who wanted change

Answer 48

not all of them were revolutionaries that were concerned with a nation state, many just wanted more efficient administration, social reform etc

Question 49

what was the illiteracy rate in 1871?

Answer 49

around 2/3 of the population

Question 50

What made the peninsula very divided culturally?

Answer 50

Different languages spoken

Question 51

Why is the idea that italy could not be a country due to its linguistic divisions simplistic?

Answer 51

after austrian restoration the use of italian was encouraged to express the importance of national identity...

Question 52

What is another important example of development of national consciousness?

Answer 52

the creation of national organisations- eg the Congresso delgi Scienziata (congress of science) which held meetings in several parts of italy between 1839-47

Question 53

What was crucial about national organisations like the c.o.s

Answer 53

they were attended by delegates from many different regions

Question 54

Why was the opera important in the Risorgimento?

Answer 54

composers like Giuseppe Verdi's work inspired people to compare the situations eg between the Israelites enslavement and their own relationship with austria

Question 55

What was the name of Verdi's opera that caused stirrings of national ideas?

Answer 55

Nabucco

Question 56

what were the aims of secret societies?

Answer 56

to reject absolutist government and the promotion of rights for the people