Unity in 1870

Question 1

what was the new state

Answer 1

a constitutional monarchy as defined by the statuto

Question 2

although Victor emmanuel was the executive power what constraints were there on him

Answer 2

he needed parliamentary approval for new taxes and new laws

Question 3

what did the Monarch symbolise by 1870

Answer 3

stability of a new state against extremism and republicans

Question 4

what was Victor Emmanuel to many Italians

Answer 4

piedmontese- foreign

Question 5

what was the military seen as

Answer 5

the means by which recruits could be made into italians

Question 6

what was possibly the most significant role the army played

Answer 6

defending against internal ememies

Question 7

how many officers were in the army by 1870

Answer 7

15,000

Question 8

what percentage of the officers in the army was piedmontese

Answer 8

2/3

Question 9

how many soldiers did the army have, with how many on reserve

Answer 9

215,000

2 million

Question 10

what did the army guarantee for the new state

Answer 10

national unity, willing to use force to ensure the continuation of stability

Question 11

what role did the civil service play

Answer 11

ran the economy, education and the states finances

Question 12

where were nearly all civil servants from

Answer 12

piedmont

Question 13

who were many of the civil service jobs given to in the new state

Answer 13

veterans of the wars of independence

Question 14

how many bureaucrats made up the centralised civil service

Answer 14

30,000

Question 15

how many of the bureaucrats that made up the civil service were based in rome

Answer 15

3,100

Question 16

what was a benefit of the civil service

Answer 16

relatively free of corruption

Question 17

what was a problem with the civil service

Answer 17

heavily centralised and the civil servants in Rome held disproportionate influence

Question 18

how many provinces was the country divided into

Answer 18

69

Question 19

what did each province have

Answer 19

a prefect that was centrally appointed by the government

Question 20

what was the job of prefects

Answer 20

keep order in the provinces

Question 21

what was the carabinieri

Answer 21

25,000 strong military police force that supported the prefects

Question 22

what was the commune

Answer 22

the mayor was appointed to run this, looked after education, public health, taxation and public works

Question 23

in reality who control local governments

Answer 23

local elites and the prefects - they were the key to a smooth operation of the whole political system

Question 24

what was the economy in the south hampered by

Answer 24

a lack of capital and skilled labour

Question 25

what was the main industry in the south by 1871

Answer 25

agriculture, fruit and olives and silk was produced in cottages

Question 26

why was power a problem in the south, unlike the north

Answer 26

there was a lack of water, north had rivers from the alps

Question 27

what did unification lead to the removal of

Answer 27

tariffs which had previously protected the southern industry

Question 28

what did the removal of tariffs mean for industry in the south

Answer 28

collapsed, like the silk industry since the couldn't compete with their northern competition

Question 29

what did unification aso lead to

Answer 29

higher taxation - pay for wars

Question 30

who did the government target with new taxes

Answer 30

the poor eg. grist tax

Question 31

what did the government use the money for

Answer 31

public works, land reclamation and the military but mainly in the north

Question 32

what did poverty lead to (%)

Answer 32

high infant mortality , 22.7% died before 1st birthday

Question 33

what % died before their 5th birthday in 1871

Answer 33

50%

Question 34

what did poverty, unemployment, higher taxes an lack of land lead to

Answer 34

seasonal migration to the richer northern areas or france or switzerland

Question 35

in 1871 how many Italians emigrated (USA, Argentina etc)

Answer 35

120,000

Question 36

what did the Law of guarantees give the pope

Answer 36

his own postal service, full religious powers, 3,225,000 lire

Question 37

what did Pius react like to the Law of Guarantees

Answer 37

he ignored it as it came from a government he did not recognise

Question 38

what did the church do attempt to weaken the government

Answer 38

had another court in the vatican, formed its own social organisations

Question 39

what did catholics do

Answer 39

refused to take part in the political process

Question 40

what was the size of the electorate in 1871

Answer 40

still 2.2%

Question 41

what percent of those who were eligible to vote actually did

Answer 41

60% - because catholics and republicans boycotted on principle

Question 42

who made up the right of parliament

Answer 42

aristocrats from the north, they supported the monarchy and the process of improving italy

Question 43

who made up the left of parliament

Answer 43

middle class backgrounds mainly from the south, generally anti-clerical and keen on expanding the electorate

Question 44

what did the constitutional monarchy leading italy still mean happened

Answer 44

republican uprisings, but they were hopeless

Question 45

who was Barsanti and what did he do in 1870

Answer 45

mazzinian,led an uprising on the army barracks in Pavia.. he was arrested and shot (anti monarchy)

Question 46

what was Irredentism (irredenta)

Answer 46

a nationalist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Question 47

what were irredentist goals

Answer 47

promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous ethnic italians and italian speaking persons formed a majority, or substantial minority of the population

Question 48

what did irredentists in the north want

Answer 48

free italians living under Habsburg rule such as Trentino, Istria and Trieste

Question 49

what did other irredentists want

Answer 49

free rome, and use the rebirth of italy to create an imperial power in the mediterranean

Question 50

what did irredentists on the left want

Answer 50

1870 Crispi called for the return of nice and savoy to italian control, others believed Malta and Corsica should be italian

Question 51

what an irredentists be seen as

Answer 51

a thorn in the side of the new state