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Chandra Notes Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Predominant cell type in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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2
Q

“-itis” means

A

Inflammation

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3
Q

Vascular & exudative ; infiltration by PMNs/neutrophils ; INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY

A

Acute inflammation

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4
Q

Vascular and fibroblastic ; INFILTRATION BY MONONUCLEAR CELLS ; granuloma formation

A

Chronic inflammation

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5
Q

Are measurable indications or PHYSICAL observations (e.g. fever, rashes, or swelling)

A

Signs

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6
Q

Are indicators as described by the patient (e.g headache, aches, fatigues, nausea)

A

Symptoms

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7
Q

Benign tumor of epithelial origin

A

Papilloma

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8
Q

Malignant tumor of epithelial origin

A

Carcinoma

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9
Q

Mortality refers to

A

Death

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10
Q

Purpose of autopsy

A

To know the cause of death

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11
Q

Number of physicians involved to declare that a person is already dead

A

2

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12
Q

1st and most critical step in histotechnology

A

Fixation

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13
Q

Ideal pH of fixative

A

Neutral (pH 6-8)

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14
Q

Ideal osmolality of fixative

A

Slightly hypertonic (400-450 mOsm)

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15
Q

Ratio of fixative to tissue volume

A

20:1

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16
Q

Fixation is retarded by ___ size and thickness of tissue, presence of mucus, fat or blood, and cold temperature

A

increased

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17
Q

Fixation is enhanced by ___ size and thickness of tissues and agitation

A

Decreased

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18
Q

Works as a physical agent to increase the movement of molecules and accelerate fixation

A

Microwave

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19
Q

Also used to accelerate staining, decalcification, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy

A

Microwave

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20
Q

Chief advantage of microwave

A

Tissue is heated right through the block in a very short time

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21
Q

Done to prevent formation of hematin when using formalin as a fixative

A

Add buffer

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22
Q

Both microanatomical and cytoplasmic fixative

A

Helly’s

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23
Q

Most widely used fixative for electron microscopy (Hayat)

A

Osmium tetroxide

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24
Q

Placing a fixed tissue in another fixative is called

A

Post-mordanting

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25
Grossly normal lungs when placed in a solution will
Float
26
Ratio of decalcifying agent to tissue volume
20:1
27
Decalcifying agent that contains hydrochloric acid
Von Ebner’s
28
The most common and the fastest decalcifying agent used
Nitric acid
29
Best way to detect the extent of decalcification
X-ray method
30
Ratio of dehydrating agent to tissue volume
10:1
31
Grading of alcohol during tissue dehydration
Increasing
32
Dehydration starts by placing the fixed specimen in what % of alcohol
70%
33
Last concentration of alcohol used in tissue dehydration
100%
34
Clearing is also known as
Dealcoholizaiton
35
Cheap, most rapid, simplest, most commonly used clearing agent
Xylene
36
Substitute for xylene and benzene
Toluene
37
Clearing agent recommended for CNS, smooth muscles and skin
Cedarwood oil
38
Xylene turns milky, what is the cause?
Incomplete dehydration
39
Explosive materials
Picric acid Sodium azide Silver salts Dioxane
40
Most commonly used embedding medium
Paraffin
41
Temperature of wax normally used for routine work
56C
42
Water present in paraffin wax can be removed by
Heating wax at 100-105C
43
Gives the fastest result for paraffin wax impregnation
Vacuum embedding method
44
In double embedding, tissue is 1st infiltrated with ____, then embedded with ____
Celloidin - 1st ; paraffin - 2nd
45
Gilson’s mixture is used in what embedding technique
Dry celloidin
46
Used for infiltration and embedding
Paraffin Paraffin substitutes Gelatin Celloidin Plastic
47
Autotechnicon can perform (4)
Fixation Dehydration Clearing Infiltration
48
Last container of the automatic tissue processor contains
Liquid paraffin
49
Involves treating tissues with heat and xylene prior to staining after sectioning
Deparaffinization
50
Purpose of the black coat on the inner surface of the flotation water bath
To see folds or creases in sections
51
What step in tissue processing is affected if orientation of specimen is placed incorrectly
Microtomy
52
Who invented the microtome
Wilhem His Sr.
53
Sliding microtome was invented by ____ (1789) and further developed by ____
Adams ; Alexander Cummings
54
Invented the rocking (Cambridge) microtome (1881)
Paldwell Trefall
55
Invented the rotary microtome (1885-1886)
Minot
56
Invented the freezing microtome (1848)
Queckett
57
Simplest microtome
Rocking (Cambridge)
58
Microtome incorporated in the cryostat machine
Rotary (Minot)
59
Bevel angle
27-32 degrees
60
Clearance angle (knife to tissue block)
0-15 degrees (5-10 degrees)
61
Knife recommended for cutting paraffin-embedded sections on rotary microtome
Biconcave knife
62
Removal of gross nicks (heel to toe, edge first)
Honing
63
Honing stones include
Belgium yellow, Arkansas, fine carborundum
64
Cover hone surface with thin film of soapy water for what purpose
Lubrication
65
Removal of gross burrs (toe to heel, edge last)
Stropping
66
Stropping uses paddle strop made up of ______
Horse leather
67
Tissue brittleness can be caused by ____
Prolonged fixation, dehydration, clearing, and infiltration
68
will make the tissue opaque and difficult to cut due to the presence of alcohol
Incomplete clearing
69
Staining method in which tissue is first overstained, then the excess stain is removed
Regressive staining
70
Routine H&E stain uses what staining method
Regressive staining
71
Process where action of the dye is intensified by another agent
Indirect staining
72
Serves as a link/bridge between the tissue and the dye
Mordant
73
It renders the dye insoluble in aqueous and alcoholic solvents
Mordant
74
Examples of mordant
Potassium alum in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin, and iron in Weigert’s hematoxylin
75
Tap water in routine staining is used for ____
Alkalinization
76
The oldest of all stains
Iodine
77
Scotts tap water is employed as a
Blueing agent
78
Nuclear red, safranin O, carmine, hematoxylin
Nuclear counterstains
79
Derived from heartwood of a Mexican tree known as H. campechianum
Hematoxylin
80
Color of nucleus using hematoxylin stain
Blue-purple
81
Stain for mitochondria
Janus Green
82
Stain for neuroglia
Victoria Blue
83
A good mounting medium should have a refractive index similar to that of
Glass (1.518)
84
A component of aqueous mounting medium that increases refractive index
Sugar
85
Purpose of poly-L-lysine
Adhesive
86
Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip
Ringing
87
Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip
Ringing
88
If important slide is broken and replacement is unavailable, what should you do
Transfer section (if still intact) to another slide
89
Source of monoclonal antibody
Mouse/mice
90
Source of polyclonal antibody for IHC
Rabbit
91
Other sources of polyclonal antibodies
2nd - goat 3rd - pig 4th - sheep 5th - horse 6th - Guinea pig
92
Involves using of microwave and boiling the slides in a citric acid solution
Microwave antigen retrieval
93
Uses of microwave processing
antigen retrieval, special staining, rapid embedding, IHC
94
Consists of cellular material which has been transferred from 1 smear to another usually during staining
Floaters
95
Floaters may lead to _____ evaluation if positive “floaters” adhere to a negative smear leading to ____
False positive ; misdiagnosis
96
In cytosine slide, preparation, the specimen is centrifuged at ___ RPM for ___ mins
100 rpm ; 1 min
97
Best type of fixative for exfoliative cytology
95% ethyl alcohol
98
Fixative used for ALL TYPES of effusion if smear cannot be made immediately
50% alcohol
99
Still the method of choice for exfoliative cytology
Papanicolau method
100
Pap stain is composed of __ nuclear stain and ___ cytoplasmic stains
1 nuclear stain ; 2 cytoplasmic stains
101
Components of the Pap stain
Hematoxylin, OG-6, EA-50
102
First counterstain used in the Pap stain
OG-6
103
Second counterstain used in the Pap stain
EA-50
104
In OG-6, phosphotungstic acid is added to serve as
Mordant
105
Advantage of liquid-based cytology
Cleaner background
106
Specimens for vaginal hormonal cytology are best collected from ____
Upper lateral 3rd of vaginal wall
107
It is a palm leaf-like pattern seen in dried Endocervical mucus
Cytology ferning
108
What does a specimen labeled with BAL/BW indicate
Respiratory tract specimen
109
Number of chromosomal pairs
23
110
The most sensitive fat stain known is
Sudan black B

Histo (5 decks)

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