change

Question 1

what are the two types of changes?

Answer 1

diachronic

synchronic

Question 2

what is diachronic change?

Answer 2

change over time

Question 3

what is synchronic change?

Answer 3

different uses of english at a given time

more about diversity

Question 4

what are some external factors that explain language chnage?

Answer 4

-invasions bringing outsider influence

Question 5

who many words are in the english language?

Answer 5

650,000 to 1 million

Question 6

what % of lexis are said to be borrowed?

Answer 6

70%

Question 7

what are two ways that words are formed

lexis?

Answer 7

through bending and compounding

Question 8

what is blending

lexis

Answer 8

when parts of a word are used to create a new word

jeggings
bromnace

Question 9

what is compounding?

lexis

Answer 9

when two words are added together
laptop
headache

Question 10

what is a compounded lexical item?

lexis

Answer 10

when 2 words are used as a phrase

pole dancer

Question 11

what is functional theory?

lexis

Answer 11

vocabulary changes to suit the needs of its users

1970s cassette
2000 cd

Question 12

what is clipping?

lexis

Answer 12

parts of words have been shortened to form a new words
fridge
promo

Question 13

what are two ways that words are created due to creations most of the time?

Answer 13

acronyms - scuba

initialisms - bbc

Question 14

how have prefixes and suffixes changed over time?

Answer 14

due to trends and creations

to ‘n’friend someone

Question 15

how have verbs changed over time?

lexis

Answer 15

verbs are usually associated with new inventions and trends
snapchatting
to google - now added to the dictionary

also context based e.g. 50 years ago would not have said during the web

Question 16

what is amelioration?

semantic

Answer 16

when the word gains a more positive connotation

sick

Question 17

what is pejoration?

semantic

Answer 17

when the word gains a more negative meaning?

Question 18

which words have usually become perorated?

semantics

Answer 18

words used by lower class and women
mistress
spinster

Question 19

what are the two arguments for semantic meaning od words?

Answer 19

reflecitonism

determinsim

Question 20

what is reflectionism?

Answer 20

language simply reflects the attitudes in society

to change language you must change attitude

Question 21

what is determinism?

Answer 21

that language has the ability to alter perceptions and attitudes
if words such as whore exist in a language then they will be used

Question 22

what is the weaker theory of determinism?

semantic

Answer 22

linguistic relativity

Question 23

what is linguistic relativity theory?

Answer 23

the view that language shapes our thinking but does not control it entirely

could be explained through the use of words such as nigger due to new attitudes it is used infrequently but it can still control our use

Question 24

what is semantic reclamation?

Answer 24

recent phenomenon in semantic change in which words with negative meanings are being taken back
change through chnaging society
euqality

Question 25

how has syntax been involved in language change?

Answer 25

the meanings of words used to be determined by word endings and now it is all about word order

Question 26

what is an inflection ?

Answer 26

a morpheme at the end of a word to indicate a grammatical relationship e.g. adding s = plural

Question 27

what is the great vowel shift?

Answer 27

occurred over the 14th to 17th century where vowel sounds in english changed what is a

Question 28

what is orthography?

Answer 28

basic system of writing conventions | such as spelling

Question 29

what are the two grapholigic changed in the english language?

Answer 29

the reception of certain letters | addition of pictorial images

Question 30

why is standardisation breaking down

Answer 30

the fact that it is losing standardisation | through cmc

Question 31

what is CMC?

Answer 31

computer mediated communication

Question 32

what is the order of invasions into england?

Answer 32

celts romans saxons vikings normans

Question 33

what did the celts bring?

Answer 33

place names such as brock and coon

Question 34

what did the anglo saxons bring?

Answer 34

germanic languages

Question 35

what did the vikings bring?

Answer 35

scandanavian languages | violent langauge

Question 36

what did the normans bring?

Answer 36

french which was based on latin

Question 37

what wa language used for in middle english (1066-1400)

Answer 37

latin - church and education french - courts greek - medicine and science english - ordinary people

Question 38

when was the printing press made?

Answer 38

in 1476 by caxton | thought to be a key turning point in standardisation of english

Question 39

what does david crystal say about language change?

Answer 39

that languages have no existence apart from the people who use them the only languages that don't change are dead ones

Question 40

what is the random fluctuation theory?

Answer 40

instances where lanaguage change is not as logical as just changes needs of users sometimes change happens by chance 'pwned' keyboard errors

Question 41

what are the two distinct stages in language change?

Answer 41

innovation - creation of words | diffusion - spread from original user to wider population

Question 42

what is the wave model and what does it show?

Answer 42

it is a model of the spread of language change | less people using it as it gets away form the centre

Question 43

what are spikes in language change what are they due to?

Answer 43

sudden rises in the use of certain languages normally in line with an event on twitter you can see spikes by looking at the top trending words

Question 44

what has political correctness done to language change?

Answer 44

it has replaced offensive word with new ones | changing attitudes

Question 45

why might langue be restricted in its change?

Answer 45

due to their being a standard form etc being used in other countries and writing there is always a form that is accepted

Question 46

what is standardisation and the stages involved?

Answer 46

process of developing and maintaining standard english selection - areas of power elaboration - using it in prestige situation codification -rules of spelling etc implementation - controlling its sues samual johnson dictionary 1755

Question 47

when did samuel johnson publish his dictionary?

Answer 47

1755

Question 48

what did Robert Lane Greene describe about the standards of english?

Answer 48

we are going into declinism | perception that changes to english are irreversible decline form a once great peak

Question 49

what is complaint tradition?

Answer 49

tradition to complain about the state of a language | Milroy

Question 50

who put forward a set of metaphors to describe views of language change and what were they?

Answer 50

Aitchinson including crumbling castle the view that language had reached perfectionism and had now started to crumble

Question 51

what is sticklerism?

Answer 51

an intrusive concern with correcting other peoples languages

Question 52

what book is an examples of sticklerism?

Answer 52

Lyne Truss' Eats Shoots and Leaves book on punctuation makes people feel bad about their language use

Question 53

what does damp spoon refer to?

Answer 53

distaste towards some language use | aitchison

Question 54

what does infectious disease refer to?

Answer 54

that language change is harmful | aitchison

Question 55

what are descriptivists?

Answer 55

describe what changes are, who uses them and how | change is natural

Question 56

what are prescriptivists?

Answer 56

people who like to set rues for language and view language change as bad