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Changing economic world - UK Flashcards

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1
Q

Deindustrialistation

A

The decline of a countries traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs

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2
Q

Commonwealth

A

Voluntary association of 53 independent countries and equal sovereign states, which were mostly territories of the former British Empire
2.2 billion citizens
Member states have no legal obligation to one another
Instead they are united by language, history, culture, and their shared values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law

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3
Q

European Union

A

An international organisation of 28 European countries formed to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
A person who is a citizen of a European Union can live and work in any of the other 27 countries without needing a work permit or visa

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4
Q

Globalisation

A

The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in the movements of goods and people worldwide

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5
Q

Industrial structure

A

The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy

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6
Q

North South divide

A

Economic and cultural differences between Southern England and Northern England
There are clear differences in health conditions, house prices, earnings and political influence

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7
Q

Tertiary industries

A

The economic activities that provide various services - commercial, professional, social, entertainment and personal

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8
Q

Trade

A

The buying and selling of goods and services between countries

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9
Q

Government policy

A

is a plan or course of action decided by a government to manage issues in a country

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10
Q

What are the main causes of deindustrialisation

A

Increasing cost of production
Globalisation - increase in competition
Declining investment leading to less competitiveness
Changing government policies
Cycle of decline
Increased competitiveness of tertiary industries thanks to education and technology

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11
Q

When did deindustrialisation begin in the UK and why?

A

1980s
when government policy shifted away from industries like coal mining and steel by privatising them
resulted in the loss of 30,000 coal mines across the UK

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12
Q

What is an example of further industrialisation in the UK?

A

Tata steel in Port Talbort (Wales) decreases from 18,000 to 3,300 jobs due to cheap Chinese steel imports

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13
Q

Positive impact of globalisation on the UK: economic growth

A

UK economy grows mainly due to more trade with the rest of the world

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14
Q

Positive impact of globalisation on the UK: foreign investement

A

Foreign companies invest in the UK, brining new ideas, technology and jobs

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15
Q

Positive impact of globalisation on the UK: high value production

A

UK specialises in high-value manufacturing and services
Workers are better paid and UK earns more money

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16
Q

Negative impact of globalisation on the UK: cheaper goods and services

A

Many items are cheaper because they are produced in places where people earn lower wages than the UK

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17
Q

Negative impact of globalisation on the UK: outsourcing jobs

A

Jobs that used to be done in the UK can now be done elsewhere
This means loss of jobs or lower wages for those still working in the UK

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18
Q

Negative impact of globalisation on the UK: less manufacturing

A

More imports of manufactured goods, means fewer goods are produced in the UK
Factories close and jobs are lost

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19
Q

Negative impact of globalisation on the UK: migration

A

Migrants come to the UK to fill jobs w have a shortage of skilled workers

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20
Q

Negative impact of globalisation on the UK: inequality

A

The gap between the low paid unskilled work and high paid skilled work is increasing
Hard for low skilled workers to negotiate due to jobs being outsourced

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21
Q

Post industrial economy

A

The economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in the service industries

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22
Q

What is the UK’s economy now mostly based on?

A

tertiary industry
quaternary industry

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23
Q

Give 5 examples of industries in the tertiary and quaternary industry

A

development of technology
finance
service industries
research
science and business parks

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24
Q

Information technology

A

these businesses use computers and other hardware to store, process and use data, often to help businesses and governments

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25
Service industries
these are businesses that do work for a customer, and sometimes provides goods but is not involved in manufacturing
26
Finance
the financial service industry is a major part of the UK and especially London economy They provide services to do with money, such as accountancy, money transfer, trading and credit
27
Research
these industries involve research and development, where ideas are transformed into workable products
28
Science and business parks
Business parks are purpose built areas of offices and warehouses, often at the edge of a city and on a main road Science parks are often located near university sites, and high-tech industries are established Scientific research ad commercial development may be carried out in cooperation with the university
29
What is meant by the term footloose?
not tied to heavy raw materials
30
Industries in the post-industry economy tend to be dependent on strong human resources which means that..
need peoples skills, products and ideas
31
Industries in the post-industry economy tend to agglomerate together, which means that..
ideas can be exchanged sharing resources
32
Growth corridors
defined as an area in the country where the economy is growing, often along a major transport route linking two or more cities
33
What percent of the UK's economic output has the M4 produced?
8%
34
What is meant by the term agglomeration?
where similar businesses cluster together to share ideas
35
Describe the location of the Cambridge Science Park
80Km north of London Close to London and Stanstead airports close to M11 growth corridor just off A14 from M11 junction 14
36
How many bio-tech companies are there in the Cambridge Science Park?
1,500
37
How many employees are there in the Cambridge Science Park?
7,250
38
Key characteristics of the Cambridge Science Park:
International companies seeking access to the brightest graduates and entrepreneurs from Cambridge's diverse talent pool Open greenspace - outside of Cambridge with plenty of parking North East of Cambridge, on the rural-urban fringe
39
Benefits to Cambridge due to the science park: hospital
excellent health facilities for local people including the Adenbrooke Hospital
40
Benefits to Cambridge due to the science park: transport
investment into the local public transport sector
41
Benefits to Cambridge due to the science park: reputation
Cambridge has a reputation as a world leader in medical research - brings investment
42
Benefits to Cambridge due to the science park: jobs
Indirect jobs created including transport and services on the site of the Science Park e.g. security, café workers etc
43
Disadvantages to Cambridge due to the Science park: houses
House prices are rising due to rising demand in the area
44
Disadvantages to Cambridge due to the Science park: congestion
Cambridge is increasingly congested with traffic and pedestrians
45
Disadvantages to Cambridge due to the Science park: rail and road
Rail and road links can't cope with the demand fast enough
46
What is changing at the science park?
huge focus on Biomedical Sciences - £46 million investment in new biomedical centre next to science park
47
Why are these companies clustered together?
high skilled workers share expertise of workers share expensive equipment some research will go through different stages so will need input from different companies
48
Negative environmental impacts of primary and secondary industries: chemicals
Industrial processes often release chemicals into the air - sulphur and nitrogen oxides - which can cause health issues or into local water systems which can harm ecosystems
49
Negative environmental impacts of primary and secondary industries: physical landscape
Factories, mines and quarries often physically scare the landscape, reducing its aesthetic appeal and destroying habitats
50
Negative environmental impacts of primary and secondary industries: transport
transporting raw materials and goods produces air pollution and noise pollution
51
Negative environmental impacts of primary and secondary industries: waste
Waste often goes into landfill which releases toxins into the soil
52
Negative environmental impacts of primary and secondary industries: energy
Industrial processes often consume a lot of energy - contributing to global climate change
53
4 environmental impacts of Limestone Quarrying in Torr Quarry (Somerset)
destruction of habitats and ecosystems --> loss of biodiversity CO2 emissions from heavy machinery and lorries air pollution from dust decline in water quality as chemicals washed into river
54
Sustainability
Development that meets the needs of the present without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
55
Positives of Limestone Quarrying
creates jobs contributes £15 million to economy construction materials landscape will be restored
56
Negatives of Limestone Quarrying
Loss of biodiversity Noise pollution Water pollution
57
Sustainable practices at Torr quarry + explain how: 60 acres
60 acres of the site have been landscaped to blend in with the surrounding environment natural habitats can be restored - encourage biodiversity and make landscape more attractive to local people
58
Sustainable practices at Torr quarry + explain how: transport
limestone is transported by rail rather than by road minimise excess traffic and congestion - less of a problem for locals also releases less CO2 emissions than lorry transport - creates jobs
59
Sustainable practices at Torr quarry + explain how: environmental targets
strict environmental targets have been introduced - regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust emissions and water quality monitoring allows prevention of pollution into the surrounding landscape - held accountable if quarrying companies do not abide
60
Sustainable practices at Torr quarry + explain how: 2010 planning decision
In 2010 a planning decision was made to deepen rather than widen the quarry extraction can take place without spoiling the landscape further
61
Which rural area is seeing population growth?
South Cambridgeshire
62
Why is South Cambridgeshire seeing population growth?
migration - mostly from Cambridge and other parts of the UK
63
Are the impacts of population growth more positive or negative for the rural area?
negative
64
Why are the impacts of population growth more negative for the rural area: social effects
80% car ownership is leading to increased traffic modern developments lead to abandoned farm buildings young people cannot afford the high cost of houses and move away
65
Why are the impacts of population growth more negative for the rural area: economic effects
reduction in agricultural employment lack of affordable housing high petrol prices due to high demand pressure on services + increase overall cost
66
Which rural area is seeing a population decline?
The Outer Hebrides
67
Why is The Outer Hebrides seeing a population decline?
outward migration due to limited opportunities
68
Are the impacts of population decline more positive or negative for the rural area?
negative
69
Why are the impacts of population decline more negative: social impacts
number of school children is expected to fall and may result in school closures young people moving away - fewer people of working age aging population can lead to care issues
70
Why are the impacts of population decline more negative: economic effects - farming
main farming economy is breeding sheep on small farms called crofts - most crofts can only provide work for up to two days a week
71
Why are the impacts of population decline more negative: economic effects - fishing
shellfish production has increased but foreign-owned ships dominate deep-sea fishing development of fish farming has been limited due to concerns about the environment
72
Why are the impacts of population decline more negative: economic effects - tourism
between 2007-2014 there was a 27% increase in visitors to the islands but the current infrastructure is unable to support the scale of tourism needed to supply an alternative source of income
73
Developing UK ports
UK port industry is the largest in Europe Most are all-purpose with a range of good and services
74
How many passengers pass through the UK ports annually?
32 million
75
How many people do the UK ports employ?
120,000 people
76
Why is developing UK ports important?
connections and links to other countries new container terminal £300 million in Liverpool
77
What will happen as a result of developing UK ports?
double ports capacity create jobs boost the North-West economy
78
Developing roads
In 2014 government announced a £15 billion road investment scheme: 100 new roads 1300 new lane miles added extra lanes
79
Why is developing UK roads important?
increase connections around the UK
80
What will happen as a result of developing UK roads?
reduced traffic therefore reduced travel time
81
Developing UK railways
electrification of Trans-Pennine Expressway by 2020 Midland mainline between London and Sheffield by 2023
82
Why is developing UK railways important?
improves links between UK regions as well as Europe
83
What will happen as a result of developing UK railways?
cut passengers journey times across city + country employment opportunities
84
Developing UK air travel
Vital to the economy of modern UK
85
Why is developing UK air travel important?
adding runway to Heathrow employs 7,600 people 73 million passengers improves global connections
86
What will happen as a result of developing UK air travel?
improves UK's economy can import products quicker - such as food
87
How many people will be employed by developing UK air travel?
300,000 people
88
How many tonnes of freight pass through UK's airports each year as a result of developing UK air travel?
2 million tones
89
How many international flights, airports and countries as a result of developing UK air travel?
750,000 international flights to 400 airports in 114 countries
90
Why is there a north-south divide in the UK: industrial revolution
During the industrial revolution the UK's growth was centred on coalfields in Northern England and Scotland
91
Why is there a north-south divide in the UK: heavy industries and engineering
Heavy industries and engineering thrived in cities such as Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow
92
Why is there a north-south divide in the UK: unemployment
Since 1970s many industries have declined due to loss of resources or competition abroad and as a result unemployment has risen in these areas
93
Why is there a north-south divide in the UK: London and South East
London and South East prospered with a rapidly growing tertiary sector leading to a faster growth than the rest of the UK
94
What is Enterprise Zone?
Areas where new businesses are encouraged to develop with incentives e.g. discounted rates, superfast broadband
95
What is an example of Enterprise Zone?
In 2015 UK government launched 'Northern Powerhouse concept', encouraging industrial developments in northern England cities e.g. Leeds, Sheffield and Manchester
96
How might Enterprise Zone help to resolve regional inequalities?
encourage businesses to relocate and provide jobs for local people --> positive multiplier effect encourages new supporting businesses to locate in the area more local taxes being paid --> reinvested in the area, reduce social and economic inequality
97
What is LEP?
A partnership between local council and local businesses to boost local economy
98
What is an example of LEP?
Lancashire LEP - aerospace + technical engineering
99
How might Enterprise LEP help to resolve regional inequalities?
provides highly skilled jobs attracts high calibre and educated employees bring wealth to the area with disposable income --> multiplier effect aims to create 50,000 high skilled jobs
100
UK's links with the wider world - culture: what do the different cultural links include?
art fashion music film television
101
UK's links with the wider world - culture: what is one of the UK's major creative industries?
television - £1.25 billion a year
102
UK's links with the wider world - culture: what are some important exports?
fashion films music
103
UK's links with the wider world - culture: what has been the effect of migrants?
migrants have introduced their own cultural characteristics
104
UK's links with the wider world - trade: how does the UK trade with other countries?
sea air road rail
105
UK's links with the wider world - trade: what are the UK's main trading partners?
EU USA China internet is increasingly important for the financial and creative sectors
106
UK's links with the wider world - trade: what is the impact of Brexit?
post Brexit UK is more likely to develop stronger links with countries outside the UK
107
UK's links with the wider world - transport: what has long trading heritage led to?
major developments of ports and airports e.g. Heathrow and Gatwick
108
UK's links with the wider world - transport: how has links been made with mainland Europe?
The Channel tunnel, with fast railway services via the Eurostar and AS1
109
UK's links with the wider world - transport: what is the role of ferries and cruise ships?
transport people to Europe and the rest of the world from ports such as Southampton and Dover
110
UK's links with the wider world - electric communications: what is the role of the internet?
increasingly important aspect of global communications by 2014, 40% of the world population had access to the internet
111
UK's links with the wider world - electric communications: how is the UK important?
The UK is an important hub for the global network of submarine cables linking Europe with the USA
112
When did the UK leave the EU?
31st January 2020 new relationship between EU and the UK took effect on 1st January 2021
113
Political and economic links between the UK and the EU: goods, services, capital and labour
goods, services, capital and labour can move freely between countries - sometimes called 'free market'
114
Political and economic links between the UK and the EU: European funds
European funds such as the European Structural fund support regional development in the UK
115
Political and economic links between the UK and the EU: migration
hundreds and thousands of people from the poorer of western Europe enter the UK in search of higher wages many work in factories and agriculture, willing to work long hours for relatively low wages
116
Political and economic links between the UK and the EU: Single Payment scheme
The Single Payment scheme supports farmers and benefits wildlife and the environment in 2015 £18 million was used to support dairy farmers in England and Wales
117
Political and economic links between the UK and the Commonwealth: movement of people
movement of people between countries in the Commonwealth has established strong links between the Commonwealth countries and has also encouraged trade and business links
118
Political and economic links between the UK and the Commonwealth: important cultural and sporting links
for example the Commonwealth Games is one of the world's major sporting events

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