Glacial Landscapes in the UK

Question 1

Relief of the land

Answer 1

Refers to the highest and lowest elevation points in an area. e.g. mountains and rivers are typically the highest elevation points

Question 2

Topography

Answer 2

The natural features of land, especially the shape of its surface.

Question 3

Altitude

Answer 3

Height above sea level, measured in metres or feet.

Question 4

Land use

Answer 4

The purpose or function of land for example pasture, grassland, retail.

Question 5

Lowland

Answer 5

Are close to or below 200m above sea level. One example is the Fens in East Anglia.

Question 6

Uplands

Answer 6

Are normally made up of mountains or high hills. Normally they are areas over 600m above sea level. Examples include the Cumbria mountains in the Lake District.

Question 7

Glacial erosion

Answer 7

The wearing away and removal of the land by flowing water, ice or wind.

Question 8

Plucking

Answer 8

A type of erosion where melt water in the glacier freezes onto rocks, and as the ice moves forward it plucks or pulls out large pieces along the rock joints.

Question 9

Abrasion

Answer 9

Erosion caused by rocks and boulders in the base of the glacier acting like a giant file scratching and scraping the rocks below.

Question 10

Bulldozing

Answer 10

Ice pushes material of all shapes and sizes as it moves slowly forward.

Question 11

Glacial Till

Answer 11

Sediment transported by ice.

Question 12

Moraine

Answer 12

Frost-shattered rock debris and material eroded from the valley floor and sides, transported and deposited by glaciers.

Question 13

Outwash

Answer 13

Sediment deposited by meltwater streams in front of, and underneath,
a glacier. The material is sorted and rounded by water action.

Question 14

Corrie

Answer 14

Armchair-shaped hollow in the mountainside formed by glacial erosion, rotational slip and freeze-thaw weathering.
This is where the valley glacier begins.
When the ice melts, it can leave a small circular lake called a tarn.

Question 15

Arete

Answer 15

A sharp, knife-like ridge formed between two corries cutting back by processes of erosion and freeze thaw.

Question 16

Pyramidal Peak

Answer 16

Where several corries cut back to meet at a central point, the mountain takes the form of a steep pyramid.

Question 17

conservation

Answer 17

Managing the environment in order to preserve, protect or restore it.

Question 18

drumlin

Answer 18

A hill made of glacial till deposited by a moving glacier, usually elongated or oval in shape, with the longer axis parallel to the former direction of ice.

Question 19

erratics

Answer 19

Rocks which have been transported and deposited by a glacier some distance from their source region.

Question 20

Freeze-thaw weathering

Answer 20

Occurs in cold climates when temperatures are often around freezing point and where exposed rocks contain many cracks.

Water enters the cracks during the warmer day and freezes during the colder night.

As the water turns into ice it expands and exerts pressure on
the surrounding rock, causing pieces to break off.

Question 21

glacial trough

Answer 21

A river valley widened and deepened by the erosive action of glaciers; it becomes ‘U’-shaped instead of the ‘V’-shape of a river valley.

Question 22

hanging valley

Answer 22

A tributary valley to the main glacier, too cold and high up for ice to be able to easily move.
It therefore was not eroded as much as the lower main valley, and today is often the site for a waterfall crashing several hundred metres to the main valley floor.

Question 23

land use conflicts

Answer 23

Disagreements which arise when users of the land do not agree on how it should be used.

Question 24

ribbon lake

Answer 24

A long, narrow lake found in glaciated valleys formed in locations where the glacier had more erosive power, e.g. in areas of softer rock, where the valley gradient temporarily steepened or a tributary glacier joined the main valley

Question 25

rotational slip

Answer 25

This occurs when the ice moves in a circular motion. This process can help to erode hollows in the landscape, and deepen hollows into bowl shapes.

Question 26

truncated spur

Answer 26

A former river valley spur which has been sliced off by a valley glacier, forming cliff-like edges.

Question 27

Example of an upland area in the UK affected by glaciation

Answer 27

Lake District

Question 28

economic activities

Answer 28

tourism farming forestry quarrying

Question 29

farming overview

Answer 29

can be difficult to grow crops due to - thin soils - limited fertility - soil erosion well suited for pastoral farming: sheep farming is common on the upper slopes dairy and beef farming on the lower slopes

Question 30

forestry overview

Answer 30

Coniferous Forests: Glaciated areas often have forests, particularly coniferous ones, which are logged for materials. Employment: Forestry provides employment and contributes to the local economy.

Question 31

quarrying overview

Answer 31

Glaciated landscapes expose valuable stone and minerals, leading to quarrying for building materials and other uses. Example: Slate mining and quarrying still take place, providing building materials.

Question 32

tourism overview

Answer 32

Tourism is a major source of income in the Lake District, with people visiting for the beautiful landscapes and outdoor activities. Tourism supports hotels, shops, restaurants, and other businesses, creating jobs for local people Tourism can also lead to challenges like traffic congestion and increased costs of living The landscape provides opportunities for walking, cycling, sailing, and kayaking

Question 33

conflicts between tourism and farming

Answer 33

Tourists can cause damage to crops and livestock, and their presence can be a nuisance for farmers

Question 34

conflicts between forestry and conservation

Answer 34

While forestry can provide economic benefits, the clearing of trees for timber can destroy habitats and reduce biodiversity.

Question 35

conflicts between tourism and wildlife conservation

Answer 35

Large numbers of tourists can damage fragile ecosystems, especially along popular walking routes, leading to erosion and habitat loss Tourists can disturb wildlife and their habitats Increased visitor numbers can lead to more litter, noise pollution, traffic congestion and air pollution

Question 36

conflict between local residents and tourists

Answer 36

The influx of tourists, causes significant traffic congestion, which can disrupt local residents and damage roads Visitors tend to focus on certain villages, leading to overcrowding of car parks and parking on grass verges, which causes congestion and annoys local residents.

Question 37

conflict between quarrying and tourism

Answer 37

Quarries can be an eyesore, potentially discouraging tourists from visiting. Quarrying activities, can cause noise and dust pollution, disturbing wildlife, tourists, and local people

Question 38

conflict between quarrying and wildlife conservation

Answer 38

Quarrying for materials like slate and granite can disrupt landscapes and habitats, and can also cause pollution

Question 39

conflict between development and conservation

Answer 39

Development for housing, roads, and infrastructure can lead to habitat loss and fragmentation, impacting wildlife populations While wind farms can provide renewable energy, their placement can conflict with conservation goals, particularly in areas with scenic beauty Farming practices, such as overgrazing and deforestation, can lead to soil erosion, habitat loss, and water pollution.

Question 40

social impacts of tourism

Answer 40

positive: Increased Job Opportunities Improved Infrastructure Increased cultural awareness negative: traffic congestion seasonal and low-paying jobs rising house prices leads to the displacement of local residents pressure on local services increased crime conflict between locals and tourists

Question 41

economic impacts of tourism

Answer 41

positive: creates jobs local business support money from tourism can be invested in improving infrastructure negative: rising property prices - due to increased demand for holiday homes seasonal jobs pressure on infrastructure - sewage systems, roads and facilities

Question 42

environmental impacts of tourism

Answer 42

causes many challenges: footpath erosion - vegetation damage increased pollution - air pollution from vehicle emissions, water pollution from fuel spills from ferries damage to ecosystems water activities - wash from water sports vehicles

Question 43

attractions to tourists

Answer 43

Lakes - sailing, kayaking etc, scenery Mountains - hiking, rock climbing, mountain biking, views Valleys - walking, cycling, wildlife watching

Question 44

strategies used to manage the impact of tourism

Answer 44

improving public transport - enhancing bus services and rail links, pay-as-you-go car and cycle hire, integrated ticketing to use different modes of transport promoting responsible tourism - signs to encourage tourists to stay on designated routes, educating visitors protecting the environment - designated footpaths, car parks

Question 45

Glacial features in the Lake District and their location

Answer 45

Aretes and corries - near Scafell Pike Moraines and corries - Easedale valley Drumlins - South East of area around Kendal U shaped and hanging valleys - Langdale Erratic from Scotland - near Bowder stones

Question 46

What type of rock has been shaped by ice in the Lake District?

Answer 46

Tough volcanic rocks

Question 47

What landform does the Lake District lack a good example of?

Answer 47

Pyramidal peak

Question 48

Name a well known arete

Answer 48

Striding edge

Question 49

Name a hanging valley example

Answer 49

Grisdale

Question 50

Where is rotational slip evident?

Answer 50

Red Tarn

Question 51

What causes glacial features to soften over time?

Answer 51

rain and running water

Question 52

What have developed on the valley floors?

Answer 52

settlements due to the flat landscape

Question 53

Where can drumlins be seen?

Answer 53

Swindle, North East Lake District