Changing UK economy Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Define the primary sector
A
Extracting raw materials from the natural environment.
2
Q
Give an example of the primary sector
A
Mining and farming.
3
Q
Define the secondary sector
A
Taking the raw materials produced by the primary sector to process them into goods and products.
4
Q
Give an example of the secondary sector
A
Building and factories.
5
Q
Define the tertiary sector
A
The selling of services and skills.
6
Q
Give an example of the tertiary sector
A
Teacher and shopkeeper.
7
Q
Define the quaternary sector
A
Industries providing information services.
8
Q
Give an example of the quaternary sector
A
Cancer research.
9
Q
By how much did the primary sector decline between 1800 and 2006?
A
73%.
10
Q
In which year’s data set did the quaternary sector first appear?
A
2006.
11
Q
What percent of the 2015 employment structure was made up of the tertiary sector?
A
78%.
12
Q
Define the pre-1820 period
A
Pre-industrial.
13
Q
Define what is meant by pre-industrial
A
The time before machines.
14
Q
What kind of countries live in pre-industrial economies?
A
LICs.
15
Q
Define the period from 1820-1970
A
Industrial.
16
Q
Define what is meant by industrial
A
Transforming from agriculture to manufacturing goods.
17
Q
What kind of countries live in industrial economies?
A
NEEs.
18
Q
Define the period from 1972 onwards
A
Post-industrial.
19
Q
Define what is meant by post-industrial
A
When the service sector produces more wealth than manufacturing.
20
Q
How has the development of information technology (IT) affected the UK economy?
A
Attracts investment from abroad. Employs 1.3 million people.
21
Q
How has the growth of service industries and finance affected the UK economy?
A
Boosted GDP, created 2+ million jobs, and attracted global investment.
22
Q
How has the growth of research affected the UK economy?
A
Contributes £3 billion and employs over 60,000 highly skilled workers (boosting economic output).
23
Q
What kind of countries live in post-industrial economies?
A
HICs.
24
Q
Define de-industrialisation
A
The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry.
25
Why does de-industrialisation happen?
Exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets, overseas competition, and GLOBALISATION.
26
Why has manufacturing moved out of the UK?
Cheaper labour abroad, mechanisation (less people needed), and lack of investment from UK gov means our manufacturing became outdated.
27
What was the main government policy from 1945-1979?
UK gov set up state-run industries such as British Rail and National Coal Board.
28
What was the main government policy from 1979-2010?
Privatisation of former state-run industries —> new private companies brought innovation & change and derelict areas were turned into financial centres with offices & retail outlets e.g. Canary Wharf.
29
What was the main government policy from 2010 onwards?
Rebalance the economy by rebuilding the manufacturing sector.
30
What policies were included in rebalancing the economy?
Improvements to transport infrastructure (e.g. HS2); easier access to loans & finance (especially for small businesses); and encouraging global firms to locate within the UK.
31
Define globalisation
The growth and spread of ideas around the world - can include movement or spread of cultures, people, money, and information.
32
What are some benefits to the UK of globalisation?
Economic growth, migration, cheaper goods & services, and foreign investment.
33
What are some problems for the UK that come with globalisation?
Less manufacturing, inequality in pay, and outsourcing jobs.
34
Define what a science park is
A group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site.
35
How many science parks are in the UK?
Over 100.
36
Where are science parks usually located?
Near universities.
37
Define what a business park is
An area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses.
38
Where are business parks usually located?
On the edges of towns.
39
Define multiplier effect
Money generates money.
40
Define business investment
Putting money into companies.
41
Define infrastructure development
Improving and building buildings.
42
Define regional 'brain gains'
Highly educated people move into a country.
43
Define disposable income
The amount of money a person has available to spend recreationally after paying for their necessities.
44
Give an example of a business park
Eureka Park, Ashford.
45
Businesses in Eureka Park?
Cineworld, Dobbies, KFC, Busy Bees, Premier Inn.
46
Benefits of Eureka Park?
Attraction to Ashford, increased synergy between businesses, and increased services available to Ashford.
47
Why is Eureka Park located where it is?
Easy access via M20, pedestrian bridge over M20, large space for parking, and close links to London (such as high speed train and international station).
48
Give an example of a science park
University of Southampton Science Park.
49
When was Southampton Science Park established?
1986.
50
Businesses in Southampton Science Park?
Fibrecore, PhotonStar, and SEaB Energy Systems.
51
Benefits of Southampton Science Park?
Excellent links with university for research facilities, source of graduate employees from the uni, good transport links, and a coffee shop, high speed broadband, nursery, & health club available on site.
52
Why is the Southampton Science Park located where it is?
Attractive location with green areas and woodlands, close to M3, close to rail links, and close to Southampton International Airport.
53
What are some environmental impacts of industry?
Air pollution from CO2 release, deforestation/building on greenfield sites (removes carbon stores), over-extraction of resources can impact ecosystems, toxic waste production pollutes water sources, and noise pollution.
54
Define sustainability
Meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of future generations.
55
What can industry use to be more sustainable?
Renewable energy, strict environmental laws, fines for polluting the environment, and CCS.
56
Give an example of a place trying to make their industry more sustainable
Torr Quarry, Somerset.
57
How large is Torr Quarry?
2.5km².
58
Who is Torr Quarry (TQ) operated by?
Aggregate Industries.
59
How many people are employed by TQ?
Over 100.
60
How much does TQ contribute to the local economy each year?
Estimated £15 million+.
61
When did quarrying begin at TQ?
1940's.
62
Output of TQ?
Previously 8 million tonnes/year but is currently around 5 million tonnes/year.
63
How much of TQ's output is transported by rail and to where?
Three quarters mostly to the south east.
64
Where is TQ located specifically?
7km east of Shepton Mallet and south of Bath.
65
What is TQ a source of?
Limestone.
66
How does TQ aim to be environmentally sustainable?
- 200 acres of the site have already been landscaped to blend in w/ the countryside.
- Rail transport minimise impact on local roads & villages.
- Restoring the quarry to create wildlife lakes for recreation & water supply.
- Regular monitoring of noise, vibration, airborne emissions, and water quality.
67
What are some reasons for counter-urbanisation in the UK?
Pollution, good infrastructure that enables us to travel, good tech to allow us to work from home, and key services in many UK villages.
68
How much of the UK population live in urban areas?
Over 75%.
69
How much of the UK population live in rural areas?
19%.
70
Where is an area of population growth in the UK?
South Cambridgeshire (SC).
71
Where is an area of population decline in the UK?
The Outer Hebrides (TOH).
72
Where is SC located?
South East England to the north of London.
73
Where are TOH located?
Off the coast of Scotland.
74
Population change in SC?
Pop of 154,000 is estimated to reach 182,000 by 2031. People aged 65+ is growing & will reach nearly 29% by 2031.
75
Population change in TOH?
27,000 —> declined by more than 50% since 1901. Many young people moving away.
76
Causes of population change in SC?
Migration and located close to London (job opportunities).
77
Cause of population change in TOH?
Outward migration.
78
Social impacts of population growth in SC?
80% car ownership is causing increased traffic on narrow country roads and young people can't afford the high house prices so move away.
79
Social impacts of population decline in TOH?
Number of school children expected to fall leading to school closures and less people of working age living there due to young people moving out.
80
Economic impacts of population growth in SC?
Lack of affordable housing due to gentrification and has some of the highest petrol prices in the country due to high demand.
81
Economic impacts of population decline in TOH?
- 900+ registered fishing boats in 1948. By 2013 they were just a few catching shellfish.
- Between 2007-2014 there was a 27% increase in visitors but the current infrastructure can't support the scale of tourism needed to provide an alternative source of income.
82
What changes are being made to rail?
- Electrification of the Midland Mainline between London and Leicestershire by 2023.
- HS2 -> £88 billion, 250mph but cancelled in 2023 as it would destroy ancient woodland in the Greenland it would be built on.
83
What changes are being made to roads?
- South West 'super highway'.
- A303 is the main route to the south west & at peak times can be heavily congested.
- £2 billion road-widening project.
- Scheme will involve digging a 3km tunnel beneath Stonehenge.
84
What changes are being made to ports?
LIVERPOOL2 - new container terminal being constructed at Port of Liverpool, £300 million, will increase port's capacity to over 1.5 million containers per year, will create thousands of jobs, boost the economy of the North West.
85
What changes are being made to airports?
- New runway at Heathrow £18.8 billion.
- Constructing a new runway at Gatwick £9.3 billion.
86
What has caused the north/south divide?
South is closer to Europe, south contains the capital city, deindustrialisation, and Margaret Thatcher privatising many things & closing mines in the north.
87
How many coal miners became unemployed?
200,000.
88
How many workers became unemployed in total?
3 million.
89
What are some government strategies to reduce the north/south divide?
- Northern Powerhouse --> attracting businesses to relocate in large northern cities, e.g. BBC studios.
- If HS2 were to be built, it would add to the growth of businesses.
90
What are local enterprise partnerships?
Voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses, there are 39 currently, they aim to identify business needs and encourage companies to invest.
91
What is the aim of local enterprise partnerships?
To identify business needs and encourage companies to invest.
92
How many local enterprise partnerships are there currently in England?
39.
93
How many new enterprise zones have been created since 2011?
24.
94
What is the aim of enterprise zones?
To encourage the establishment of new businesses and new jobs in areas where there were no pre-existing businesses.
95
What can the government do to support businesses in enterprise zones?
Provide a business rate discount of up to £275,000 over a five year period, ensure the provision of super fast broadband, and simpler planning regulations to speed up establishment of new businesses.
96
What is the commonwealth?
It is a regional organization that involves all previous British colonies.
97
How many people are a part of the commonwealth?
2.2 billion.
98
What is the value of all imports from Germany to the UK?
£60 billion.
99
What is the value of all exports from the UK to the USA?
£40 billion.
100
Where does the UK get its fashion culture from?
France and Italy.
101
Where does the UK get its food culture from?
India, China, Thailand.
102
Where does the UK get its music culture from?
America and Africa.
103
What festival is a huge part of UK culture in the wider world?
Notting Hill Carnival.
104
How is the UK's transport relevant to the wider world?
London Heathrow (one of the busiest airports in the world), Channel Tunnel connects to mainland Europe, and Southampton is a major port for cruise lines.
105
How is the UK's electronic communication relevant to the wider world?
- 99% of all internet traffic passes along a multi-billion dollar network of submarine high-power cables, for which the UK is a focus for.
- Project known as 'Arctic Fibre' will lay first cable between London and Tokyo via the Northwest Passage, linking Europe and Asia (distance of 15,000km).
106
What is FDI?
Foreign direct investment.
107
Give an example of FDI?
Japanese car manufacturer, Nissan, located near Newcastle.
