The urban world Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
define an HIC
A
a country with GNI per capita higher than $12,056
2
Q
define an LIC
A
a country with GNI per capita lower than $1,045
3
Q
define an NEE
A
a country that has started to experience high rates of economic development usually along with rapid industrialisation
4
Q
define urbanisation
A
when an increasing percentage of a country’s population lives in towns and cities
5
Q
define urban growth
A
the increase in the area covered by cities
6
Q
name two causes of urbanisation
A
natural increase & rural to urban migration
7
Q
what is natural increase?
A
‘the birth rate minus the death rate’ - essentially there are more births than deaths
8
Q
what is rural to urban migration?
A
the movement of people that live in a rural area to live in a town or city
9
Q
what are LEDCs?
A
less economically developed countries
10
Q
name two pull factors
A
better education & better healthcare
11
Q
name two push factors
A
any two from: crop failure, lack of jobs, poor housing & poor services
12
Q
what are two house-related reasons for less urbanisation in HICs?
A
rural areas are more appealing (seen as idyllic) and availability of land means larger homes
13
Q
what is a mega city?
A
a city with a population of over 10 million people
14
Q
how many megacities in 2015?
A
over 28
15
Q
the UN estimates there will be how many mega cities by 2050?
A
as many as 50
16
Q
most of these mega cities will be in asia. why?
A
contains 2 of the largest populations & most countries in asia are developing
17
Q
what is a millionaire city?
A
a city with over 1 million people living there
18
Q
what are the three types of mega city?
A
slow-growing, growing & rapid-growing
19
Q
define slow-growing mega city
A
population at 70%+ urban & no squatter settlements
20
Q
give an example of a slow-growing mega city
A
any from tokyo, moscow or LA
21
Q
define growing mega city
A
population 40-50% urban & under 20% in squatter settlements
22
Q
give an example of a growing mega city
A
any from beijing, rio de janeiro, shanghai or mexico city
23
Q
define rapid-growing mega city
A
population under 50% urban & over 20% in squatter settlements
24
Q
give an example of a rapid-growing mega city
A
any from jakarta, lagos, mumbai or manila
25
which of the 7 wonders of the world is found in rio de janeiro?
christ redeemer statue
26
where does rio de janeiro have a coast?
on the atlantic ocean
27
how many countries is brazil surrounded by?
9
28
name a nearby city to rio de janeiro
são paulo
29
what is the longitude and latitude for rio de janeiro?
23°S and 43°W
30
what was rio's population in 2014?
6.5 million & 12.5 million in the surrounding area
31
where do most migrants to rio come from?
other parts of brazil, other countries in south america and people from china & south korea seeking business opportunities
32
what is the most commonly spoken language in rio?
portuguese
33
industries in rio attract skilled workers from where?
USA & UK
34
give an example of a squatter settlement in rio de janeiro
rocinha
35
what is a favela?
the name given to a squatter settlement in south america
36
how many favelas are there in rio?
over 1000
37
what are the 4 main zones in rio de janeiro?
centro, west zone, north zone & south zone
38
what are the main land uses of the north zone?
the city's main industrial and port area
39
what are three relevant things you can find in the north zone?
the city's international airport, maracanā soccer stadium and the tijuca national park
40
what is the housing like in the north zone?
lots of low-quality housing and favelas
41
give an example of how the west zone has evolved
'barra da tijuca' has changed from a lower-class area into a wealthy coastal suburb with luxury apartments and shopping malls, along with recreational and tourist facilities
42
which place in the west zone has low-quality housing around the steelworks?
the industrial area of campo grande
43
what popular things are found in the west zone?
the main olympic stadiums and competitor village for 2016
44
when was the south zone developed?
after tunnels were cut through the mountains
45
what is the key economic impact of the south zone on rio?
it has rio's main tourist hotels and beaches
46
which two famous beaches are found in the south zone?
copacabana and ipanema
47
what is the housing like in the south zone?
wealthy area dominated by luxury flats
48
which well known favela is located in the south zone?
rocinha
49
what historical value does 'centro' hold?
it is the oldest part of the city with many historical buildings
50
what are the key economic impacts of centro?
it is the city's main shopping area and central business district
51
what is a central business district?
the main shopping and financial centre of a town or city
52
centro is the financial centre with the headquarters of what companies?
brazil's largest oil and mining companies
53
what are brazil's two largest oil and mining companies?
petrobas and CVBB
54
what has the government done to hide favelas on the north zone?
they've built a wall
55
what is unique about this wall?
it's becomes clear when it is infront of the school
56
bus routes we're cut between north -> south zones, meaning...
...people on the north zone are unable to get jobs in tourist areas where you don't need a good education
57
since 2009, how many people have been removed from their homes in rio?
77200
58
what are rio's 4 main social issues?
healthcare, education, water supply, and energy
59
in 2013, what percentage of the city had a local family health clinic?
0.55
60
how has the healthcare issue started to be solved?
in favela of santa marta, medical staff took a health kit into people's home, detecting and treating 20 different diseases
61
between what ages is education compulsory in rio?
6-14
62
one of the reasons for poor education in rio is a shortage of teachers. why is there a shortage? (2)
there is low teacher pay and poor teacher training
63
impacting education, what else is there a shortage of?
nearby schools
64
how many kids in rio stay educated beyond the age of 14?
half
65
how can locals help with the education issue?
volunteer in schools
66
what may be given to poor families to help them with the cost of school?
school grants
67
name two education improvements in rocinha
money made available for different free lessons in sports and a private university
68
what percentage of rio had no running water access?
0.12
69
what percentage of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud & illegal access?
0.37
70
how many kilometres of new water pipes have been laid?
300km
71
how many new treatment plants built between 1998-2014?
7
72
by 2014, what percentage of the population had a mains water supply?
0.95
73
how do some of the poorer parts of rio de janeiro get electricity?
by illegally tapping into the main supply
74
due to electricity shortage, what does the whole city experience?
frequent blackouts
75
how many kilometres of new power lines were installed?
60km
76
as well as a new nuclear generator, what else has been installed to help the energy issue?
simplicio hydro-electric complex
77
SHEC increased rio's electric supply by how much?
0.3
78
how much did it cost to build SHEC?
US$ 2 billion
79
how long did it take to build SHEC?
6 years
80
what do people in the formal economy do that people in the informal economy do not?
pay taxes
81
what are the two main problems with workers not paying tax in the informal economy?
the GDP doesn't reflect the earnings of the population and less tax goes to government meaning less money to provide services like education, sanitation & healthcare
82
what is economic development?
the actions of the government to improve the economic and social well-being of people living in that country
83
what is the 'cycle' involved with economic development?
positive multiplier effect
84
rio provides how much of all employment in brazil?
0.06
85
why do people turn to the informal economy (especially drug dealing)?
as they can earn a lot of money without needing an education
86
in what year was brazil hit by a deep recession?
2015
87
what effect did this recession have on unemployment rates in the country?
they increased
88
the richest 1% of rio's population earn how much of the total income?
0.12
89
the poorest 50% of rio's population earn how much of the total income?
0.13
90
what are the unemployment rates in rio's favelas?
over 20%
91
how much money do you earn in most informal sector jobs?
between £50-£100
92
name this cycle: unemployment increases -> fewer people paying taxes -> less money for services like hospitals
multiplier effect of negative consequences
93
what is a UPP?
police pacifying unit
94
how many UPPs installed through the city since 2008?
37
95
the police have control of how many favelas?
30
96
what is the GINI co-efficient index?
a number (0-1) or percentage that shows average income of a country compared with other nations worldwide or in a region
97
what has been introduced to improve education for young people in poor & violent areas?
schools of tomorrow programme
98
the programme also teaches practical skills. why?
lots of construction jobs as rio is urbanising and industrialising
99
why do they want to educate young mums?
so the mum will be supportive of their child going into education
100
what are the 4 main environmental issues in rio?
waste pollution, water pollution, air pollution, and congested roads
101
why is waste a problem in the favelas?
roads are steep and narrow meaning rubbish trucks can't go down them
102
what can easily get spread in the favelas as a result of waste pollution?
diseases e.g. cholera
103
what has been set up to help tackle waste pollution?
a power plant near the university of rio
104
what powers the power plant?
methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish
105
how many tonnes of rubbish does the power plant consume per day?
30 tonnes
106
the power plant makes enough electricity for how many homes?
1000
107
how many yearly deaths in rio are caused by air pollution?
an estimated 5000
108
what visible effect does air pollution have in the city?
city is covered with brown smog
109
how much has the number of cars in rio grown by in the last decade?
0.4
110
why do people in rio prefer using cars?
high crime rates so don't want to walk or take public transport
111
what has been expanded to help combat air pollution?
metro system under guanabara bay, to south zone & barra da tijuca
112
how much has commercial fishing declined by in the last 20 years?
0.9
113
if water pollution affects ipanema and copacabana, what would the consequences be?
tourism, and therefore local economy, damaged
114
how many rivers flowing into guanabara bay?
55
115
how many tonnes of raw sewage is poured into guanabara bag each day?
over 200 tonnes
116
how much industrial waste enters the bay each day?
over 50 tonnes
117
water pollution is also caused by oil spills from where in particular?
petrobas oil refinery
118
how do ships contribute to water pollution?
by emptying their fuel tanks in the bay
119
how many new sewage works have been built since 2004?
12
120
how much did the sewage works cost?
US$ 68 million
121
how many kilometres of new sewage pipes have been installed in badly polluted areas?
5km
122
how is the fuel-emptying issue being resolved?
ships are being fined for illegally discharging fuel into bay
123
sugarloaf mountain rises how high above the harbour?
396m
124
rio produces how much of brazil's GDP?
0.05
125
60% of favelas are located where?
in suburbs
126
what was the population of rocinha in 2010?
75000
127
in 2010, how many people were killed in squatter settlements?
224
128
in 2010, how many people lost homes due to them being swept away?
13000
129
murder rate in squatter settlements?
20 per 100 people
130
squatter settlement population densities of what?
37,000 per km²
131
what type of project is the favela-bairro project?
a site and service scheme
132
what is a site and service scheme?
where a local authority provides land and services for residents to build homes
