chap 1

Question 1

field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout life span

Answer 1

developmental psychology

Question 2

idea that development is open to change in response to influential experiences

Answer 2

plasticity

Question 3

who developed the normative approach?

Answer 3

Hall & Gesell

Question 4

who discovered age related averages for milestones?

Answer 4

Hall & Gesell

Question 5

is developmental psych a new or old field?

Answer 5

relatively new. until 1960s-70s adults weren’t thought to change, only children

Question 6

what is a theory?

Answer 6

statement that describes/explains/predicts

Question 7

what is a hypothesis?

Answer 7

idea/prediction with no research support

Question 8

what does a theory need to be more than a hypothesis?

Answer 8

research support/scientific verification

Question 9

what is continuous development?

Answer 9

knowledge acquisition @ uniform pace (kids=adults)

Question 10

what is discontinuous development?

Answer 10

development occurs @ different rates (kids are unique)

Question 11

are stage theories continuous or discontinuous?

Answer 11

discontinuous

Question 12

is physical growth continuous or discontinuous?

Answer 12

discontinuous

Question 13

what are basic issues in developmental psych?

Answer 13

universal vs. context specific
nature vs. nurture

Question 14

did Rousseau lean towards nature or nurture?

Answer 14

nature - noble savages, humans are born with intuitive sense of right and wrong

Question 15

did Locke lean towards nature or nurture?

Answer 15

nurture - we are born tabula rasa (blank slate)

Question 16

what are 4 characteristics of the lifespan perspective?

Answer 16

1) lifelong
2) multidimensional & multidirectional
3) highly plastic
4) influenced by multiple, interacting forces

Question 17

what are age-graded influences?

Answer 17

certain things happen @ same general time for each person

Question 18

what are history graded influences?

Answer 18

happens to a cohort or group born @ same time (baby boomers)

Question 19

what are non-normative influences?

Answer 19

irregular events that happen to a random person and don’t follow timetable

Question 20

what are the most powerful influences?

Answer 20

nonnormative

Question 21

what are the least powerful influences?

Answer 21

age-graded

Question 22

who identified the 3 components of personality?

Answer 22

Freud

Question 23

what are the 3 components of personality?

Answer 23

Id, Ego, Superego

Question 24

which component of personality is your desires, impulses and basic needs?

Answer 24

the Id

Question 25

which component of personality is your conscience and more obedient?

Answer 25

Superego

Question 26

which component of personality is your conscious awareness and balances the other two components?

Answer 26

Ego

Question 27

who is the father of behaviorism?

Answer 27

Watson

Question 28

which theory takes the strongest position on the nature/nurture conflict?

Answer 28

behaviorism

Question 29

who developed classical conditioning?

Answer 29

watson

Question 30

who developed operant conditioning?

Answer 30

skinner

Question 31

what type of stimulus would attention, a pay raise, or toys be?

Answer 31

reinforcer

Question 32

what type of stimulus would disappointment, loss, bad grades, or being fired be?

Answer 32

punisher

Question 33

if a behavior is followed by a reinforcer, will the behavior go up or down?

Answer 33

up

Question 34

which theory is albert bandura responsible for?

Answer 34

social learning

Question 35

which theory has the idea of modelling and imitation?

Answer 35

social learning

Question 36

which theory involved the bobo doll experiment?

Answer 36

social learning

Question 37

which theory involves imprinting?

Answer 37

ethology

Question 38

what did Bowlby study about behavior in particular?

Answer 38

survival value

Question 39

what is the finite time where skill acquisition must occur?

Answer 39

critical period

Question 40

what is the optimal time where it’s easier to acquire a skill?

Answer 40

sensitive period

Question 41

which theory involves modelling and communication?

Answer 41

sociocultural

Question 42

who focused on sociocultural theory?

Answer 42

Vygotsky

Question 43

which theory would say that beliefs, values, customs are passed from one generation to next

Answer 43

Sociocultural

Question 44

which theory sees cognitive development as a socially-mediated process (talk and show what and why)

Answer 44

sociocultural

Question 45

who developed the ecological systems theory?

Answer 45

bronfenbrenner

Question 46

which theory says that development occurs in the layers of the environment ?

Answer 46

ecological systems

Question 47

which system consists of your immediate environment ?

Answer 47

microsystem

Question 48

which system is your interaction between microsystems?

Answer 48

mesosystem

Question 49

which system is contexts that don’t involve the developing person directly but impact them somehow

Answer 49

exosystem

Question 50

which system is the culture at large?

Answer 50

macrosystem

Question 51

what are shifts in context that result in pivotal points in development?

Answer 51

ecological transitions

Question 52

what is the temporal dimension?

Answer 52

chronosystem

Question 53

what is the availability bias?

Answer 53

if we can recall an example we think it occurs more often than if we can’t think of one

Question 54

what is correlational research?

Answer 54

researchers gather info as natural life events occur, and they do not alter experiences. they look at relationships between participants characteristics and behavior/development

Question 55

what is a correlation coefficient?

Answer 55

# that describes how two measures/variables are associated (+1.00 to -1.00)

Question 56

with correlation coefficients, what indicates the strength of relationship?

Answer 56

magnitude/size of the number

Question 57

when one variable increases and the other increases, what kind of correlation is that?

Answer 57

positive

Question 58

when one variable increases and the other decreases, what kind of correlation is that?

Answer 58

negative

Question 59

what is a limitation of correlational research?

Answer 59

no inferring cause or effect

Question 60

what type of design permits inferences on cause and effect because the researchers use evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatments?

Answer 60

experimental design

Question 61

what type of variable causes changes in another variable?

Answer 61

independent

Question 62

what type of variable is influenced by the independent variable?

Answer 62

dependent

Question 63

what is drawing numbers or flipping coins to reduce bias and equally distribute called?

Answer 63

random assignment

Question 64

what are two types of modified experimental design?

Answer 64

field experiment and natural/quasi-experiment

Question 65

what type of experiment randomly assigns participants to treatment in a natural setting?

Answer 65

field

Question 66

what type of experiment compares treatments that already exist?

Answer 66

natural/quasi

Question 67

what are 3 types of developmental research designs?

Answer 67

longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential

Question 68

which type of design studies participants repeatedly and notes changes as they age?

Answer 68

longitudinal

Question 69

what is an advantage of longitudinal study?

Answer 69

study common patterns/differences in relationships

Question 70

what limits longitudinal studies?

Answer 70

age-related changes are distorted because of dropouts, cohort effects

Question 71

what type of design groups different ages and studies them at the same point in time?

Answer 71

cross-sectional

Question 72

what is the strength to cross-sectional study?

Answer 72

more efficient than longitudinal

Question 73

what is the limit to cross sectional?

Answer 73

no studying individual developmental trends/cohort effects

Question 74

what type of design conducts several longitudinal and cross-sectional studies called sequences?

Answer 74

sequential

Question 75

what type of study uses participants of the same age/different years or different ages/same years?

Answer 75

sequential

Question 76

what is the best type of study for developmental research?

Answer 76

sequential

Question 77

what study is designed to help identify difficulties?

Answer 77

sequential

Question 78

what study permits longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons and reveals cohort effects?

Answer 78

sequential

Question 79

what are the 5 rights for research participants?

Answer 79

1) protection from harm 2) informed consent 3) privacy 4) knowledge of results 5) beneficial treatments