chap 5

Question 1

what is the term for a baby finding an object several times in an initial hiding place, seeing the object moved to a new hiding place but still looking for it in initial place?

Answer 1

A-not-B search error

Question 2

why does A-not-B search error occur according to Piaget?

Answer 2

babies do this because they do not have object permanence yet. the object ceases existing when it’s out of sight

Question 3

what are the 3 concepts of sensorimotor stage to remember?

Answer 3

1) circular reaction
2) object permanence
3) mental representation

Question 4

what sensorimotor stage includes a chance event that a child stumbles on and likes, so they repeat it again and again?

Answer 4

circular reaction

Question 5

what sensorimotor stage would a child say, “again, again”?

Answer 5

circular reaction

Question 6

when do circular reactions develop?

Answer 6

1-4 months

Question 7

what is the adaptive value to circular reactions?

Answer 7

allows child to learn all there is about that one toy, action, or behavior

Question 8

what sensorimotor stage involves the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight?

Answer 8

object permanence

Question 9

how do they test object permanence in babies?

Answer 9

at 3 months, drag an object behind a blinder and if babies continue to track it they have object permanence

Question 10

when did piaget theorize that object permanence took place?

Answer 10

8-12 months

Question 11

what is the sensorimotor stage when children go from being action-based to thinking-based?

Answer 11

mental representation

Question 12

what is the explanation for being more hands on at first but advancing to working it out in our minds as we learn?

Answer 12

mental representation

Question 13

which aspect of memory has the most limited capacity?

Answer 13

working memory

Question 14

which part of memory represents incoming sights and sounds and stores them briefly?

Answer 14

sensory register

Question 15

what sends information from the sensory register to the next phase?

Answer 15

attention to information

Question 16

what part of the memory holds a limited amount of info that must be worked on to remember and problem solve?

Answer 16

short-term memory store (working memory)

Question 17

what helps us to remember things long-term?

Answer 17

repeating and rehearsing

Question 18

what part of memory stores information permanently?

Answer 18

long-term memory

Question 19

how do we retrieve information from long term memory?

Answer 19

applying strategies like repeating and rehearsing?

Question 20

what is the conscious part of mind that sorts through incoming info and controls attention?

Answer 20

central executive

Question 21

what part of memory selects strategies that allow for long-term memory, reasoning, comprehension, and problem solving?

Answer 21

central executive

Question 22

what is the difference between recognition and recall?

Answer 22

recognition = realizing that an object or stimulus is like one you’ve experienced before

recall = having to remember an object or stimulus that isn’t present

Question 23

why is categorization important for babies?

Answer 23

it helps them learn and remember things they experience so they don’t have an overload of info every day

Question 24

what are babies earliest categories based on?

Answer 24

shape, size, and other physical properties

Question 25

what is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 25

tasks children can’t complete by themselves but can with the help of a skilled partner

Question 26

what is scaffolding?

Answer 26

assisting learner through teaching, demonstrating, encouraging, then stepping back and allowing learner to problem-solve

Question 27

what is the correlation between the child’s abilities and the help they need?

Answer 27

negative

Question 28

how does scaffolding support the child’s zone of PD?

Answer 28

tasks and help given are all individualized to the child and their current abilities

Question 29

what is the referential style of language learning?

Answer 29

referential uses words that refer more to objects

Question 30

what is the expressive style of language learning?

Answer 30

consists of social phrases like “thank you” and “i want it”

Question 31

what is the difference between kids who use referential vs expressive?

Answer 31

kids using referential understand words as tools to name objects, while expressive style use their vocabulary to express their needs and desires

Question 32

which style of language learning is more common in english-speaking cultures?

Answer 32

referential

Question 33

which style of language learning is more common in chinese, japanese, and korean cultures?

Answer 33

expressive

Question 34

who developed the discontinuous/stage theory of cognitive development?

Answer 34

Piaget

Question 35

what is an organized way of making sense of an experience?

Answer 35

scheme

Question 36

what are 2 types of schemes proposed by Piaget?

Answer 36

1) adaptation 2) organization

Question 37

what is direct interaction with environment, proposed by Piaget?

Answer 37

adaptation

Question 38

what type of adaptation must child use when experience does not fit into their existing schemes?

Answer 38

accommodation

Question 39

what type of adaptation takes place when new experience fits into existing schemes?

Answer 39

assimilation

Question 40

what type of adaptation is considered equilibrium?

Answer 40

assimilation

Question 41

what type of adaptation is considered disequilibrium?

Answer 41

accommodation

Question 42

what type of scheme would be the child learning that if they open their hand, an object falls to the ground?

Answer 42

adaptation

Question 43

in disequilibrium, is cognitive change slow or rapid?

Answer 43

rapid

Question 44

what type of scheme is an internal process of rearranging and linking together?

Answer 44

organization

Question 45

what does the behaviorist theory of language propose?

Answer 45

uses imitation and reinforcers to learn language

Question 46

what is a limitation of the behaviorist theory of language?

Answer 46

kids will coin their own phrases based on salient features

Question 47

what is the nativist theory on language?

Answer 47

grammatical rules are too complex to be directly taught so there is an LAD in brain (language acquisition device)

Question 48

who developed the nativist theory in language?

Answer 48

Noam Chamsky

Question 49

what is the interactionist theory of language?

Answer 49

nature and nurture. nature is the innate capacity and innate desire to be social. nurture is the imitation and reinforcers

Question 50

which comes first: comprehension or production?

Answer 50

comprehension comes before production and is more stable

Question 51

when do babies start cooing?

Answer 51

2 months

Question 52

how old do babies begin to babble (ma, ba, da)?

Answer 52

4-6 months

Question 53

at what age do babies screen out sounds that don’t contribute to language community and recognize familiar words/sounds?

Answer 53

4-6 months

Question 54

how old are deaf babies when they stop babbling?

Answer 54

7 months

Question 55

how old are babies when they use gestures, intonation patterns imitate language?

Answer 55

8-10 months

Question 56

what parental technique helps babies learn vocabulary/labels and see that language works?

Answer 56

when baby gestures/babbles for something, you say it for them

Question 57

at what age do babies have joint attention?

Answer 57

10-12 months

Question 58

how do you tell that babies have joint attention?

Answer 58

they align their visual field with your visual field

Question 59

when do first words start to appear, about 1-6 words?

Answer 59

12-18 months

Question 60

when does language explode, learning 15-20 words/week?

Answer 60

18-24 months

Question 61

when does telegraphic speech develop?

Answer 61

20-24 months

Question 62

what is telegraphic speech?

Answer 62

2-3 word utterances like “want water” “no bed”

Question 63

why might speech development be delayed?

Answer 63

other people are speaking for them so there’s no need

Question 64

what are gender differences in language?

Answer 64

girls ahead in vocabulary

Question 65

why are girls ahead in vocab?

Answer 65

nature : @ 40 weeks girls are 1 week ahead in physical maturation nurture : moms talk to daughters more than sons

Question 66

what is under extension?

Answer 66

language used too narrowly. (only a wrench is a tool, not a hammer too)

Question 67

what is overextension?

Answer 67

language used too broadly (every animal is a kitty)

Question 68

why do children make under extension and overextension errors?

Answer 68

they don’t know categorization boundaries

Question 69

what is infant-directed speech?

Answer 69

- short sentences with clear pronunciation - give child directions - ask questions - repetition - high-pitched voice

Question 70

what is the method to understand how information is presented and put into memory?

Answer 70

information processing

Question 71

what are the components of information processing?

Answer 71

sensory register, short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory, central executive

Question 72

what are the capacities of information processing?

Answer 72

analyze cognition info. it’s cognition such as perception, attention, memory, categorization

Question 73

what are the limits of information processing?

Answer 73

IP has difficulty putting components together into broad comprehensive theory

Question 74

what are babies earliest categories?

Answer 74

perceptual

Question 75

what is private speech?

Answer 75

when child speaks to themselves while performing tasks

Question 76

when do children use private speech most?

Answer 76

when task is appropriately challenging, when they make a mistake, or don’t know how to move forward

Question 77

what includes excitability, sensitivity, and energy levels? the things that make you who you are?

Answer 77

temperament