late adulthood Flashcards by Annie Soper

central vision blurry (light sensitive cells break down)

macular degeneration

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leading cause of blindness

macular degeneration

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cloudy eyes

cataracts

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breathing stops for +10 sec, brief awake

sleep apnea

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who has higher sleep disturbances up until 70-80

men

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treatment for sleep apnea

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure
- provides air @ pressure just high enough to prevent collapse of airway

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alzheimer’s disease

neurofibrillary tangles (inside neurons) collapsed neural structures with abnormal forms of tav (a protein)
amyloid plaques (outside neurons) dense deposits of deteriorated protein (amyloid) surrounded by clumps of dead neurons and glial cells

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doctors inspect brain after death for causes or results of what disease?

alzheimer’s

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when is alzheimer’s diagnosis definitive?

by brain autopsy after death

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perpetrator of elder abuse

mentally or financially dependent on victim

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victim of elder abuse

very old, frail, mentally impaired, physically impaired

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types of elder abuse

1) physical
2) physical neglect
3) emotional abuse
4) financial abuse
5) sexual abuse

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most common reported types of abuse

financial, emotional, and neglect

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intentional or unintentional failure to fulfill caregiving obligations, resulting in lack of food, medication, or health services or in the older person being left alone

physical abuse

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emotional abuse

verbal assaults, name calling, humiliation, intimidation

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financial abuse

illegal or improper exploitation of aging person’s property or financial resources, through theft or use without consent

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unwanted sexual contact of any kind

sexual abuse

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most restrictive housing option for older adults

nursing homes

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4 theories of aging

1) disengagement theory
2) activity theory
3) continuity theory
4) socioemotional selectivity theory

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activity levels and interactions decrease and they become more preoccupied with their personal lives as they reach the end

disengagement theory

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choice of their social interactions is based on a lifelong selection process

socioemotional selectivity

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a search to find others in order to stay active, that also promote life satisfaction

activity theory

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strive to maintain personal relationships, interests, roles, and identity

continuity

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mutually withdraw

disengagement theory

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more selective

socioemotional selectivity theory

social barriers

activity theory

continue

continuity theory

gender more affected by poor marriage

women

gender most effected by widowhood

men

why men more affected by widowhood

LESS PREPARED 1) rely on wives for social connectedness, household tasks, promotion of healthy behaviors, coping with stressors 2) gender-role expectations lead men to feel less free to express emotions or ask for help 3) men less involved in religious activities

difference between euthanasia and MAID?

who administers (maid self administered)

active voluntary and involuntary are forms of

mercy killing, illegal

difference between active and passive

active (deliberate action), passive (withhold or withdraw)

ending life sustaining treatment voluntary would require

living will (dnr) or power of attorney for hc (agent) no treatment

passive involuntary would be

turning off machines

family life cycle #4

launching children and moving on (longest phase)

erikson conflict of late adulthood

egointegrity vs. despair

egointegrity

evaluate positive and negative to equal a whole and complete experience

despair

more pessimistic, too many poor choices

high in reminiscence (teaching others about past)

african american and chinese immigrants

peck’s 3 tasks leading to egointegrity

1) ego differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation 2) body transcendence vs. body preoccupation 3) ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation

other ways of affirming self worth in late life (hobbies & leisure, volunteering, grand parenthood)

ego differentiation

accept aging body and sensory, mobility, and appearance changes

body transcendence

finding purpose and meaning in own life as loved ones die

ego transcendence

which of pecks conflicts contributes to elder suicide

ego preoccupation

attempts to completion rates for suicide for adolescents vs elders

300 to 1 4 to 1

male to female suicides for adolescents vs elders

adolescents - 5 to 1 elders - 10 to 1

how do elders indirectly contribute to own death

stop food, water, meds

what events spur elder suicide

1) loss of spouse 2) terminal/chronic illness

kubler-ross theory of dying

1) denial and isolation 2) anger 3) bargaining 4) depression 5) acceptance

person aware of terminal illness, may not go through each step and order differs

kubler-ross theory of dying

temporary shock response to bad news, isolation arises from people even family members, avoiding

denial and isolation

resentment and fury that time is short, goals may not be accomplished, unfairness of death

anger

negotiation for an extended life is made with higher power in exchange for reformed lifestyle

bargaining

individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time crying and grieving. dying person disconnects

depression

come to terms with inevitable death, calm and peace, spend remaining time with a few family members and friends

acceptance

children’s understanding of death

1) nonfunctionality 2) finality 3) universality 4) applicability 5) causation

all living functions cease at death

nonfunctionality

once a living thing dies, it cannot be brought back to life

finality

all living things die eventually

universality

death only applies to living things

applicability

death is caused by the breakdown of bodily functioning through a wide variety of internal and external cues

causation

hardest for children to understand :

applicability and causation

how can we help children understand death?

- teach about biology - be truthful and sensitive - be culturally sensitive

the experience of losing a loved one by death

bereavement

physical and psychological distress

grief

culturally specified expression of bereaved person’s thoughts and feelings

mourning

stages of grief

1) avoidance 2) confrontation 3) restoration

a sense of loss without the opportunity to mourn publicly and receive support

disenfranchised grief

acknowledging that the loss is inevitable and preparing emotionally first

anticipatory grief

compression of morbidity

public health goal to decrease the number of months or years of ill-health and suffering (average period of diminished vigour before death)

remembering to engage in planned actions for the future

prospective memory

dependent behaviors are attended to immediately

dependent support script

independent behaviors mostly ignored

independent-ignore script

two complementary behavior patterns for people interacting with older adults in private homes and institutions and reinforce dependent behavior

1) dependency-support script 2) independence-ignore script

irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and brain stem (controls reflexes)

brain death

brain stem still active, but cerebral cortex no longer registers electrically activity

persistent vegetative state

goals of hospice

provide a caring community sensitive to dying persons needs so patients and family members can prepare for death in ways satisfying to them. increase quality of life

specifics treatments that people do or do not want in case of terminal illness, coma, or other near-death situation

living will

authorizes appointment for another person (usually family) to make HC decisions on one’s behalf

durable power of attorney for health care

most difficult loss an adult can face

death of a child 1) extension of parents feelings about themselves 2) unmatched source of love 3) unnatural, kids aren’t meant to die before parents

basic tasks that an individual needs to be independent and self-sufficient - getting dressed, bathing, sitting, getting into bed, eating

ADL’s

tasks that are needed to keep daily life running normally and productively. require cognitive capability. - shopping, preparing food, talking on phone, taking care of finances

IADL’s

aging that occurs universally, regardless of health or other factors

primary aging

aging that takes place due to environmental or genetic factors

secondary aging

aging that takes place due to biological makeup

primary aging

aging through lifestyle and environmental choices

secondary aging

what causes variety in secondary aging

different heritability and environmental influences from person to person

5 leading causes of death

1) heart disease 2) cancer 3) chronic respiratory diseases 4) stroke 5) alzheimer’s disease

gender higher in death due to stroke and alzheimer’s

women

indirect effects on elders after they experience a fall

fear of falling evoked. causes elder to avoid activities that might lead to falling again, so they are limited in mobility and socialization. cause both physical and psychological detriments to the elder

which mental abilities decline earlier

ones that need fluid intelligence

how do mental abilities that depend on crystallized intelligence last longer

used and practiced

what offsets loss of fluid intelligence

retaining of crystallized abilities

focusing on goals and using diminished energy on activities that are most valuable to them. finding ways to compensate for losses

selective optimization with compensation

capacity made up of multiple cognitive and personality traits

wisdom

5 ingredients of wisdom

1) breadth and depth of practical knowledge 2) ability to reflect and apply that knowledge to make life more bearable and worthwhile 3) emotional maturity (listen patiently and empathetically) 4) ability to give sound advice 5) altruistic creativity

crimes seniors are most likely the target of

purse snatching or pickpocketing

limits activities elders participate in and tears down their morale, causes great anxiety because of physical and financial danger

fear of crime

factors affecting decision to retire

affordability, personal life, work environment and satisfaction, societal retirement benefits, gender, and ethnicity

important for retirement adjustment

internally motivated to pursue new hobbies or interest and have social support through friends and shared activities, happy marriage

who is more engaged in leisure activities and volunteer work in retirement

high in self-efficacy

late adulthood Flashcards

(102 cards)