chap 11 & 12

Question 1

what is girls’ motor development like in adolescence?

Answer 1

they are more gradual than boys. they plateau at about 14. not many girls perform as well as boys in sports

Question 2

what is boys motor development like in adolescence?

Answer 2

rapid change in strength, speed, and endurance. boys develop throughout teenage years. they are stronger and faster than the average girl, so they have more participation in sports

Question 3

what is an eating disorder characterized by binging, and then using extreme measures like vomiting, laxative use, excessive exercising, or fasting to keep weight off?

Answer 3

bulimia nervosa

Question 4

who is most vulnerable to bulimia nervosa?

Answer 4

young people, usually girls or gay/bi boys

Question 5

why is bulimia nervosa easier to treat than anorexia nervosa?

Answer 5

individuals with bulimia nervosa want help

Question 6

what is the major contributor in the widening gender gap in college enrolment?

Answer 6

boys’ higher math and science achievement

Question 7

what is stereotype threat?

Answer 7

fear of being judged in terms of a negative stereotype, for example, math and science are more “masculine” subjects, so when girls don’t succeed they attribute it to lack of ability

Question 8

what happens to self concept in adolescence?

Answer 8

becomes more abstract and divided. they are learning who they are and have a difficult time identifying that, so they contradict themselves

Question 9

why do social values become more important for adolescents?

Answer 9

they want to be viewed positively by other people

Question 10

what happens to self esteem in mid to late adolescence?

Answer 10

increases because they increase in skills and accomplishments

Question 11

what are the 4 steps in the path to identity?

Answer 11

1) identity achievement
2) identity moratorium
3) identity foreclosure
4) identity diffusion

Question 12

what cognitive style is used with identity achievement?

Answer 12

information-gathering

Question 13

what cognitive style is used with identity moratorium?

Answer 13

information gathering

Question 14

what cognitive style is used with identity foreclosure?

Answer 14

dogmatic/inflexible

Question 15

what cognitive style is used with identity diffusion?

Answer 15

diffuse-avoidant

Question 16

what step on the identity path involves committing to certain goals or virtues after investigating options?

Answer 16

identity achievement

Question 17

what step on the path to identity is exploring without having committed yet?

Answer 17

identity moratorium

Question 18

what step on the identity path is committing without doing any exploring beforehand?

Answer 18

identity foreclosure

Question 19

what step on the path to identity is there neither commitment or exploration?

Answer 19

identity diffusion

Question 20

what cognitive style seeks out information to help them with their decision, evaluate it, and apply it to their perspective?

Answer 20

information gathering

Question 21

what cognitive style perpetuates the beliefs of parents or peers without doing any research or reflecting themselves because they want to be accepted and loved by people they depend on for affection?

Answer 21

dogmatic, inflexible

Question 22

which cognitive style avoids their personal decisions or problems, avoids them and goes with whatever the current flow is?

Answer 22

diffuse-avoidant

Question 23

when does healthy identity development occur?

Answer 23

families are a safe place where children can express their feelings and opinions, receive warmth and love, and have positive relationships. authoritative parenting

Question 24

for someone that considers justice to be more moral than caring for others, which sex is higher?

Answer 24

boys

Question 25

which gender is more advanced in moral reasoning?

Answer 25

females

Question 26

what aspect of moral reasoning do females focus on most?

Answer 26

care

Question 27

when are peers influences on moral reasoning greatest?

Answer 27

when they are of different perspectives. builds cooperation and respect despite differences. learn fairness

Question 28

what 3 characteristics are most important in adolescent relationships?

Answer 28

1) intimacy 2) mutual understanding 3) loyal

Question 29

what are groups of 5-7 friends from similar backgrounds with similar attitudes and beliefs, tightly knit and emotionally close?

Answer 29

cliques

Question 30

what are flexible groups made up of several cliques, which emphasizes status over emotional benefits?

Answer 30

crowds

Question 31

which is based off stereotypes and give an adolescent identity in a larger social situation, crowds or cliques?

Answer 31

crowds

Question 32

which decreases in importance as teenagers mature?

Answer 32

crowds

Question 33

what factors contribute to the development of depression?

Answer 33

heritability maladaptive parenting learned-helplessness negative life events girls at puberty (hormonal changes & 5HTTLPR gene) estrogen feminine coping styles

Question 34

why do adults minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression?

Answer 34

adolescence is seen as a turbulent time so parents often attribute children’s depression to being a phase or result of hormonal changes. they assume it’s part of being a teenager

Question 35

how long is puberty in adolescence?

Answer 35

3-4 years

Question 36

do both sexes have both hormones?

Answer 36

yes but at different levels

Question 37

what is responsible for gains in body size, muscle growth, body/facial hair, and secondary sex characteristics in men?

Answer 37

testosterone

Question 38

what is responsible for maturation of breasts, uterus, vagina, regulating menstrual cycles, and causing fat to accumulate?

Answer 38

estrogen

Question 39

how much body growth happens in adolescence?

Answer 39

10” (bulk 6-12 months) 50-75 lbs

Question 40

what happens to male’s motor development and physical activity in adolescence?

Answer 40

increases

Question 41

what happens to females motor development in adolescence?

Answer 41

plateaus at 14 years, few girls perform to level of the average boy

Question 42

what happens to female’s physical activity in adolescence?

Answer 42

decreases (social pressure, don’t want to be seen as masculine)

Question 43

what is gender intensification?

Answer 43

increased stereotyped attitudes and behaviours

Question 44

what are physical features that involve reproductive organs directly?

Answer 44

primary sex characteristics

Question 45

what are features visible outside of the body —> signs?

Answer 45

secondary sex characteristics

Question 46

what is the first menstrual cycle?

Answer 46

menarche

Question 47

what part of the menstrual cycle does not occur during the first 12-18 months?

Answer 47

ovulation

Question 48

why doesn’t ovulation happen during the first 12-18 months?

Answer 48

nature’s way of protecting her a little longer

Question 49

what is the age range for menarche?

Answer 49

10-15 years

Question 50

what is the average age for menarche?

Answer 50

12 years

Question 51

why does menarche happen after peak of growth spurt?

Answer 51

needs to be big enough to maintain a pregnancy

Question 52

why might there be a delay in menarche?

Answer 52

physical or emotional safety is threatened 1) starvation 2) eating disorders 3) exercise sports

Question 53

what is spermarche?

Answer 53

1st ejaculation

Question 54

when does spermarche happen on average?

Answer 54

13

Question 55

what are females feelings about puberty typically?

Answer 55

mixed

Question 56

what is females inclination upon puberty?

Answer 56

they want to be informed through peers/adults. tend and befriend to garner support

Question 57

what are males’ inclinations upon puberty?

Answer 57

reading material, fight or flight

Question 58

what is the best thing to do for a male going through puberty?

Answer 58

point them to healthy, safe sources

Question 59

what is the best to worst group to be in for gender and puberty arrival time?

Answer 59

late girl early boy late boy early girl

Question 60

why is the very worst group early girl?

Answer 60

maladaptive issues - drug/alcohol - sex behavior - poor school performance

Question 61

what has happened to teen sexual activity?

Answer 61

decreased, fewer partners

Question 62

what are the feelings of people who have casual sex?

Answer 62

feel guilt and shame

Question 63

why is teen pregnancy a bigger problem today?

Answer 63

fewer get married or place babies for adoption

Question 64

what type of moms don’t interact effectively with children, have no clear sense of self, have hard life conditions, and immature personality attributes?

Answer 64

teen moms

Question 65

what is effective sex ed?

Answer 65

- give techniques for sexual situations - clear messages appropriate for culture and experiences - repeated - contraceptives

Question 66

what should you do with your teenager for sex ed?

Answer 66

- regular, spontaneous discussions - general openness - gospel, be positive, boundaries, purposes - consider relationship (both parents if can) - use anatomically correct terms - maintain eye contact - answer honestly - get a baseline

Question 67

what is piaget’s fourth aspect of cognitive development?

Answer 67

formal operations

Question 68

what kind of thinking happens in formal operations?

Answer 68

think abstractly

Question 69

what is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Answer 69

make predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and deduce logical, testable inferences from the hypothesis

Question 70

what proportion of college students fail the pendulum experiment today due to lack of experience?

Answer 70

1/2

Question 71

what are the 3 consequences of abstract thinking?

Answer 71

1) self-conscious and self-focused 2) idealism and criticism 3) decision-making

Question 72

what 2 problems happen with self-conscious and self-focused thinking?

Answer 72

imaginary audience and personal fable

Question 73

what is the belief that you are the focus of everyone’s attention and concern?

Answer 73

imaginary audience

Question 74

what peaks in 7th and 8th grade and makes you sensitive to public criticism?

Answer 74

imaginary audience

Question 75

what does social media make worse and longer?

Answer 75

imaginary audience

Question 76

what is the belief that you are special and unique, so you are above rules and consequences, invincible, and untouchable?

Answer 76

personal fable

Question 77

what belief causes increased suicide?

Answer 77

personal fable

Question 78

what is idealism and criticism?

Answer 78

best possible outcomes vs. realism (what could actually happen)

Question 79

what are adolescents decision making skills like?

Answer 79

better, but still struggle with: - objectively identifying pros and cons of each alternative - assessing likelihood of various outcomes - evaluating their choice in terms of whether goals are met

Question 80

what percentage of adolescents deal with depression?

Answer 80

20-25%

Question 81

which gender is more willing to seek help for depression?

Answer 81

females

Question 82

what is each gender’s depression like?

Answer 82

females 2x more likely to have it, but mild/moderate males more severe

Question 83

what are causes of depression?

Answer 83

we just don’t know… neurotransmitter, brain regions, hormonal response to stress, environment

Question 84

when do most suicides occur because it is the end of stability?

Answer 84

april/may

Question 85

why are males more successful in suicide, being males 5 females 1?

Answer 85

more “active”

Question 86

what are the attempt to completion ratios for suicide?

Answer 86

attempt - 300 completion - 1

Question 87

what are the 2 types of adolescents that engage in suicide?

Answer 87

1) highly intelligent but solitary - can’t live up to own expectations 2) antisocial tendencies