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Pathology > Chap 1 to 4 > Flashcards

Chap 1 to 4 Flashcards

1
Q

increase in cell size

A

hypertrophy

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2
Q

Increased in number of cell

A

Hyperplasia

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3
Q

no hyperplasia but only hypertrophy

A

Cardiac,skeletal,neurons

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4
Q

examples of metaplasia

A

Barrets oesophagus
Apocrine metaplasia of breast[no malignancy]
vit a defn - Keratomalacia
myositis ossificans

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5
Q

carbonmonooxide poisoning

A

causes;
smoke from fires
gas heaters
exhaust from cars

Po2 normal
sao2 decreases

cherry red skin

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6
Q

Methhemoglobinemia

A

sulphate and nitrate drugs
children
cyanosis with chocolate colored blood

Po2 normal
sao2 decreases

IV methylene blue

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7
Q

cellular swelling

membrane blebs

A

Reversible cell injury

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8
Q

plasma membrane damage
mitochondrial membrane damage
lysosomal membrane damage

A

irreversible cell injury

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9
Q

nuclear condensation pyknosis
nuclear fragmentation Karryorrhexis
nuclear dissolution Karyolysis

A

cell death

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10
Q

ischemic infarction to organs

A

coagulative necrosis

except Brain,pancreas

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11
Q

Red infarct

A

pulmonary

testicular

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12
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

brain
abcess
pancreas

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13
Q

dry gangrene

A

GIT

limb

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14
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

TB

fungal

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15
Q

fat necrosis

A

Breast

peripancreatic fat in pancreatitis

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16
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Malignant hypertension

Vasculitis

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17
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
No inflammation

inactivation of BCL2
cytochrome c leaves from mitochondria
Activation of caspases

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18
Q

Primary amyloidosis

A

AL amyloid light chain

multiple myeloma

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19
Q

Secondary amyloidosis

A

AA amyloid associated protein
malignancy
Familial mediterranian fever

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20
Q

amyloidosis most affected organ

A 
Kidney- nephrotic syndrome
restrictive cardiomyopathy,Arryhtmia
hepatospleenomagaly
tongue enlargement
malabsorption
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21
Q

Mutated serum transthyretin

A

Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

restrictive cardiomyopathy

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22
Q

Amylin

A

Type II dm

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23
Q

A beta amyloid

A

Alzhemer disease

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24
Q

Beta 2 microglobulin

A

Dialysis ass amyloidosis

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25
Calcitonin
Medullary ca of thyroid
26
chemotatctic
LTB4 C5a IL8
27
MEDIATORS OF PAIN
PGE2 | BRADYKININ
28
mediators of fever
PGE2
29
delayed falling of umbilical cord | No pus formation
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency defn of Integrenis CD18 incraesed neutrophils rec bacterial infections
30
Anaphylotoxins
C3a | C5a
31
Opsonins
IgG | C3b
32
impaired phagolysosome formation
chediak higasi syndrome ``` risk of pyogenic infection neutropenia defective primary hemostasis[platelet granule abnormality] albinism peripheral neuropathy ```
33
infection with catalase positive organism | Nitroblue tetrazolium negative
chronic granulomatous disease X linked or AR NaDPH oxidase defn ``` rec infection ion with granuloma formation with step.aureus pseudomonas serrate,nocardia aspergillus ``` NBT blue with NADPH presence colorless in CGD
34
Myeloperoxidase defn
Candida albicans infection | NBT normal
35
2nd activation for CD4
B7 on Antigen presenting cell binds to CD28 on t helper cells
36
2nd activation for CD8
IL2 from TH1 subset
37
2nd activation for B lymphocyte
CD40 on B cell binds Cd 40 L on T cell
38
granuloma
epithelial histiocytes[macrophage with pink cytoplasm] giant cell lymphocytes
39
casseating granuloma
TB and fungal
40
Non casseting granuloma
sarcoidosis Berylliosis Foreign body
41
Absent 3rd or 4th pharyngeal pouch
digeorge syndrome Absent thymus Absent Parathyroid abnormality of heart,great vessels,face
42
Adenosine deaminase defn
SCID also MHC class Ii dean cytokine receptor defn severe fungal, viral.bacterial,protozoal infection BUBBLE BABY
43
recurrent bacterial, enterovirus (polio,coxsackie),Giardia lamblia
X linked aggamaglobulinemia mutated Bruton tyrosine kinase at 6 months of life[maternal antibodies] live vaccines avoided when similar features present at late childhood Common variable immunodeficiency[CVID] risk of lymphoma
44
viral mucosal infection
IgA Defn | m/c immunodeficiency
45
mutated CD40 or CD40L
Hyper IgM syndrome low immunoglobulin switching Rec pyogenic infection at mucosal site
46
rec infection eczema thrombocytopenia
Wiskott Aldrich syndrome X linked Cause of death - bleeding
47
complement defn C5 to C9
Neisseria.gonorrhoea or n.meningitidis
48
AIRE mutation
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy
49
Fas apoptosis mutation
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome[ALPS]
50
CD25 polymorphism
Multiple sclerosis,Type I DM
51
FOX P3 mutation
``` IPEX syndrome immune dysregulation Polyendocrinopathy Enteropathy X linked ```
52
``` butterfly malar rash discoid rash lymphadenopathy Arthritis anemia,thrombocytopenia ``` diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis[DPGN] Libman sacks endocarditis
SLE Antinuclear antibody Anti dS DNA Anti smith
53
Sjogren antibody
Antiribonucleoprotein | Anti SSA/ro and Anti ssB/la
54
pregnant women with anti SSA
Neonatal lupus-congenital hear block
55
CREST syndrome | limited sclerosis
``` Calcinosis Raynaud esophagial dysmotility sclerodactyly telengectasia ```
56
Sclerosis antibody
Anti DNA topoisomerase I | scl-70
57
Antiinflamatory mediators
IL 10 and TGF beta
58
important fibroblast growth factor
TGF beta
59
Angiogenesis
Fibroblast growth factor | VEGF
60
Type III collagen
Granulation tissue,Keloid,Uterus
61
malignancy important feature
Monoclonal
62
Aflotoxin-Axspergillus in stored mold grain
Hepatocellular ca
63
Arsenic[smoking]
Sq cell ca of skin Angiosarcoma of liver lung ca
64
Vinyl chloride
Angiosarcoma of liver
65
Naphtylamine
Urothelial ca of bladder
66
Nitrosamine
Stomach ca -smoked food japan
67
EBV
cancers Nasopharyngeal ca[keratin epithelium] Burkitt lymphoma [t(8:14)] C-MYC CNS lymphoma in AIDS
68
Protooncogene | PDGF B
Astrocytoma
69
ERBB2 (HER2/neu)
breast ca
70
RET
Men 2a men 2b, | medullary ca thyroid
71
KIT
GI stromal tumor
72
RAS gene [GTP binding protein]
Carcinoma,melanoma,Lymphoma
73
N-MYC nuclear regulator
Neuroblastoma
74
L-MYC nuclear regulator
Lung Ca - Small cell ca
75
Cyclin D
Mantle cell lymphoma t(11:14)
76
Cyclin dependent kinase
Melanoma
77
Keratin
Epithelium
78
Vimentin
Mesanchyme
79
Desmin
Muscle
80
S 100
Melanoma Schwannoma Langherhan cell histiocytosis(Cd1a and birbect granules)
81
HUS
children Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia AFter E coli o157 dysentry renal abnormality presence of schistocytes
82
TTP
Adult Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Decreased ADAMTS 13 [cleaves VWF multiuser to monomer] CNS abnormality presence of schistocytes
83
Abnormal ristocetin
VWF defn
84
PT time
Extrinsic Factor 7 and common Factor 2,5,10,fibrinogen
85
PTT
Intrinsic Factor 12,11,9,8 | and common Factor 2,5,10,fibrinogen
86
vit k
factor 2,7,9,10 | protein c and s
87
disorders of fibrinolysis
Increased Plasmin activity-converts fibrin to fibrinogen,destroys coagulation factor, blocks,platelet aggregation [after radical prostatectiomy] Decreased Antiplasmin activity [cirrhosis] rx aminocaproic acid
88
Hypercoagulable state
``` protein c and s defn [Protein cand s inactivated factor 5 and 8] factor 5 leiden mutation Antithrombin III defn prothrombin mutation OC pills ```
89
Shortness of breath,hemoptysis,pluertic chest pain
pulmonary infarction | saddle emboli-blocks both r and left pulmonary artery-sudden death

Pathology (10 decks)

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