CHAP 1 (variables, methodologies, ethical concepts+guidelines) Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is an independent variable?
Variable that is manipulated by the researcher
What is a dependent variable?
Variable that is measured by the researcher
What is a controlled variable?
variable held constant to ensure only influence on DV is IV
What is an extraneous variable?
variable other than independent that may have unwanted effect on DV+results
What is a confounding variable?
unwanted variable that affects results of investigation
What is a case study?
strength
limitation
investigation of particular activity, behaviour, event, problem that contains a real/hypothetical situation and includes real-world complexities.
useful when limited number of participants are available
group is not representative of population = low external validity
What is classification and identification?
strength
limitation
involves arranging phenomena, objects, or events into manageable sets, and recognising them as belonging to particular or unique set.
allow for narrowed focus of research
labelling through identification can lead to stereotyping/prejudice
What is a correlational study?
strength
limitation
involves observation+recording of events+behaviours that have not been controlled to understand relationships existing between variables, to identify which may be of greater importance.
can determine direction+strength of relationship between variables
coorelation ≠ causation, cannot assume one variable causes change in the other
What is fieldwork?
strength
limitation
involves collecting info through observing+interacting with selected environment
info on sensitive topics can be obtained
researchers observation of behaviour may be biased
What is a literature review
strength
limitation
inolved collating+analysing secondary data findings and viewpoints
help introduce existing understanding+context for primary research
review may lack depth if focus of review is too narrow
What is modelling
strength
limitation
physical/conceptual model is contructed and/or manipulated to stimulate a system
allows unobservable events to be visualised
large amount of valid source data needed to create model
What is simulation
strength
limitation
uses model to replicate and study behaviour of a system
all us to predict future events
may be expensive
What is product, process, and system development?
product, process, or system is designed to meet a human need
What is a controlled experiment?
strength
limitation
investigates relo between one or more IVS and a DV (all other variables controlled).
identifies cause-and-effect relo between IV and DV
require strictly controlled conditions,
What is a between subjects design
strength
limitation
participants randomly allocated to either control/experimental condition
most time efficient
more participants needed
What is a within subjects design
strength
limitation
participants involved in both experimental/control conditions
no extraneous variable (improves validity)
time consuming
What is a mixed design?
strength
limitation
combines elements of between+within subjects design
tests effect of multiple IVs on DV
higher rate of participant withdrawal
What is random sampling
strength
weakness
each member of population has equal chance of being selected
large sample = representative of population (improves external validity)
small sample = not representative (reduces external validity)
What is stratified sampling?
divide pop into subgroups, randomly select participants from subgroups in proportion they appear in pop
large sample = representative of pop (improves external validity)
more time consuming
ethical CONCEPT
What is integrity?
involves the honest reporting of all sources of info+results
ethical CONCEPT
What is justice?
3 points
fair consideration of competing claims, no unfair burden on particular group, fair access to benefits of an action
ethical CONCEPT
what is beneficence?
what is non-maleficence
maximising benefits and minimising risks+harm
avoidance of causing harm
ethical CONCEPT
what is respect?
value of living things, and consideration of capacity of living things to make their own decisions
ethical GUIDELINE
what is confidentiality
ensures participants remain anonymous+personal info kept private
