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Med Term - Exam 4 > Chap 18 - Endocrine Textbook > Flashcards

Chap 18 - Endocrine Textbook Flashcards

(141 cards)

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1
Q

body cells

A

prostaglandins

Aggregation of platelets
Contract uterus
Lower acid secretion in stomach
Lower blood pressure

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2
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

Cholecystokinin, Gastrin, Secretin

Contracts gallbladder
Stimulates gastric secretion
Stimulates pancreatic enzymes

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3
Q

kidney

A

Erythropoietin

Stimulates erythrocyte production

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4
Q

pineal gland

A

Melatonin

induces sleep and affects mood

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5
Q

placenta

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Sustains pregnancy

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6
Q

skin

A

Vit D

affects absorption of calcium

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7
Q

Thyroid

A

Thyroxine (T4); triiodothyronine (T3) - Increases metabolism in body cells

Calcitonin - Decreases blood calcium

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8
Q

Parathyroids

A

Increases blood calcium

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9
Q

Adrenals Cortex

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid) - increases blood sugar

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) - increases reabsorption of sodium

Androgens, estrogens (sex hormones) - secondary sex characteristics

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10
Q

Adrenals Medulla

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) - Sympathomimetic

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - Sympathomimetic

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11
Q

Pancreas - Islet cells

A

Insulin - Decreases blood sugar (glucose to glycogen)

Glucagon - Increases blood sugar (glycogen to glucose)

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12
Q

Pituitary - Anterior lobe

A

Growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin) - Increases bone and tissue growth

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates adrenal cortex, especially cortisol secretion

Gonadotropins

  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Promotes ovulation; testosterone secretion

Prolactin (PRL) - Promotes growth of breast tissue and milk secretion

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13
Q

Pituitary - Posterior lobe

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) - Stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules

Oxytocin - Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth

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14
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogens - Promote development of ova and female secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone - Prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy

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15
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone - Promotes development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

derived from cholesterol

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17
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

derived from amino acids

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18
Q

ovaries

A

Located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.

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19
Q

pancreas

A

Located behind the stomach.

Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas.

The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct, into the small intestine to aid digestion.

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20
Q

parathyroid glands

A

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland.

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21
Q

pituitary gland

hypophysis

A

Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica

composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

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22
Q

testes

A

Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.

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23
Q

thyroid gland

A

Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.

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24
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

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25
adrenocortico-tropic | hormone (ACTH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates the adrenal cortex.
26
aldosterone
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.
27
androgen
Male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example.
28
antidiuretic hormone | ADH
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis). increases reabsorption of water by the kidney.
29
calcitonin
Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.
30
cortisol
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood SUGAR. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
31
epinephrine (adrenaline)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic). “fight or flight” releases glucose from storage
32
estradiol
Estrogen secreted by the ovaries.
33
estrogen
Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex. Examples are estradiol and estrone.
34
follicle-stimulating | hormone (FSH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes.
35
glucagon
Secreted by ALPHA islet cells of the pancreas increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch, stored in liver cells) to glucose.
36
``` growth hormone (GH); somatotropin ```
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues.
37
insulin
Secreted by BETA islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose (sugar) to pass into cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
38
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.
39
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla constricts vessels -increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic).
40
oxytocin (OT)
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.
41
parathormone (PTH)
Secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.
42
progesterone
Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
43
prolactin (PRL)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); promotes milk secretion
44
somatotropin (STH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); growth hormone.
45
testosterone
Male hormone secreted by the testes.
46
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning. Note: TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland.
47
thyroxine (T4)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.
48
triiodothyronine (T3)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases metabolism in cells. Note: The extra n in -thyronine (pronounced THĪ-rō-nēn) avoids the combination of two vowels (o and i)
49
vasopressin
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); antidiuretic hormone (ADH). increases water reabsorption and raises blood pressure.
50
catecholamines
Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine is a catecholamine.
51
corticosteroids
Hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones).
52
electrolyte
Mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are electrolytes.
53
glucocorticoid
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response
54
homeostasis
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.
55
hormone
Substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland.
56
hypothalamus
Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. It secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland.
57
mineralocorticoid
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral SALTS (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.
58
receptor
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
59
sella turcica
Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland.
60
sex hormones
Steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.
61
steroid
Complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made. Examples of steroids are estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. Ster/o means solid; -ol means oil.
62
sympathomimetic
Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic hormone (it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways).
63
target tissue
Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.
64
aden/o
gland
65
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
66
gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
67
pancreat/o
pancreas
68
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
69
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
70
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
71
hypogonadism
Deficiency of gonadotropins can produce hypogonadism
72
andr/o
male
73
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
74
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
75
crin/o
secrete
76
dips/o
thirst
77
estr/o
female
78
gluc/o
sugar
79
glyc/o
sugar
80
home/o
sameness
81
hormon/o
hormone
82
kal/i
potassium (electrolyte)
83
lact/o
milk
84
myx/o
mucus
85
natr/o
sodium (electrolyte)
86
phys/o
growing
87
somat/o
body
88
ster/o
solid structure
89
toc/o
childbirth
90
toxic/o
poison
91
ur/o
urine
92
-agon
assemble, gather together
93
-emia
blood condition
94
-in, -ine
substance
95
-tropin
stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)
96
-uria
urine condition
97
eu-
good, normal
98
hyper-
excessive; above
99
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
100
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
101
pan-
all
102
poly-
many or increased
103
tetra-
four
104
tri-
three
105
hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. (Graves disease)
106
hypothyroidism
Underactivity of the thyroid gland. Myxedema - advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood cretinism - extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth
107
thyroid carcinoma
Cancer of the thyroid gland.
108
hyperparathyroidism
Excessive production of parathormone. calcium leaves the bones and enters the bloodstream, where it can produce damage to the kidneys and heart
109
hypoparathyroidism
Deficient production of parathyroid hormone. calcium remains in bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream.
110
adrenal virilism
Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens. Amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening
111
Cushing syndrome
Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex obesity, moon-like fullness of the face, excess deposition of fat in the thoracic region of the back (so-called buffalo hump), hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, and hypertension
112
Addison disease
Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex. generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes (with hypoglycemia, low blood pressure, and hyponatremia)
113
pheochromocytoma
Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky (phe/o) color (chrom/o) The tumor cells produce excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
114
hyperinsulinism
Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia. Fainting spells, convulsions, and loss of consciousness
115
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells.
116
Type 1 diabetes
childhood onset Autoantibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells are present.
117
Type 2 diabetes
``` Usually occurs after age 30 Gradual onset; asymptomatic Insulin usually present 85% are obese Ketoacidosis seldom occurs ```
118
acromegaly
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities. adenomas of the pituitary glandthat occur during adulthood
119
gigantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues. Benign adenomas of the pituitary gland that occur before a child reaches puberty produce an excess of growth hormone.
120
dwarfism
Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism.
121
panhypopituitarism
Deficiency of all pituitary hormones. Tumors of the sella turcica as well as arterial aneurysms may be etiologic factors
122
syndrome of inappropriate | ADH (SIADH)
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Hypersecretion of ADH produces excess WATER RETENTION in the body.
123
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone causes the kidney tubules to fail to hold back (reabsorb) needed water and salts.
124
fasting plasma glucose | FPG
Also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
125
serum and urine tests
Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function.
126
thyroid function tests
Measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream.
127
exophthalmometry
Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer.
128
``` computed tomography (CT) scan ```
X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor.
129
magnetic resonance imaging | MRI
Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities
130
thyroid scan
Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland.
131
ultrasound examination
Sound waves show images of endocrine organs.
132
endocrine glands
secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
133
exocrine glands
sends chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body
134
Thyroid Fx
Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate
135
calcitonin
stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone
136
PTH
increase blood calcium
137
Gonadocorticoids
androgens and estrogens influences - SEX
138
Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid
139
Graves' disease (Hyperthyroidism)
Exophthalmos and proptosis
140
Hyperparathyroidism
loss of bone density kidney stones hypercalcemia
141
Hypoparathyroidism
muscle and nerve weakness tetany hypocalcemia

Med Term - Exam 4 (9 decks)

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