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Med Term - Exam 4 > Chap 18 - Endocrine Textbook > Flashcards

Chap 18 - Endocrine Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

body cells

A

prostaglandins

Aggregation of platelets
Contract uterus
Lower acid secretion in stomach
Lower blood pressure

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2
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

Cholecystokinin, Gastrin, Secretin

Contracts gallbladder
Stimulates gastric secretion
Stimulates pancreatic enzymes

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3
Q

kidney

A

Erythropoietin

Stimulates erythrocyte production

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4
Q

pineal gland

A

Melatonin

induces sleep and affects mood

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5
Q

placenta

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Sustains pregnancy

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6
Q

skin

A

Vit D

affects absorption of calcium

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7
Q

Thyroid

A

Thyroxine (T4); triiodothyronine (T3) - Increases metabolism in body cells

Calcitonin - Decreases blood calcium

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8
Q

Parathyroids

A

Increases blood calcium

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9
Q

Adrenals Cortex

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid) - increases blood sugar

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) - increases reabsorption of sodium

Androgens, estrogens (sex hormones) - secondary sex characteristics

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10
Q

Adrenals Medulla

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) - Sympathomimetic

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - Sympathomimetic

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11
Q

Pancreas - Islet cells

A

Insulin - Decreases blood sugar (glucose to glycogen)

Glucagon - Increases blood sugar (glycogen to glucose)

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12
Q

Pituitary - Anterior lobe

A

Growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin) - Increases bone and tissue growth

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates adrenal cortex, especially cortisol secretion

Gonadotropins

  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Promotes ovulation; testosterone secretion

Prolactin (PRL) - Promotes growth of breast tissue and milk secretion

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13
Q

Pituitary - Posterior lobe

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) - Stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules

Oxytocin - Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth

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14
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogens - Promote development of ova and female secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone - Prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy

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15
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone - Promotes development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

derived from cholesterol

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17
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

derived from amino acids

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18
Q

ovaries

A

Located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.

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19
Q

pancreas

A

Located behind the stomach.

Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas.

The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct, into the small intestine to aid digestion.

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20
Q

parathyroid glands

A

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland.

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21
Q

pituitary gland

hypophysis

A

Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica

composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

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22
Q

testes

A

Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.

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23
Q

thyroid gland

A

Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.

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24
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

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25
Q

adrenocortico-tropic

hormone (ACTH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates the adrenal cortex.

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26
Q

aldosterone

A

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.

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27
Q

androgen

A

Male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example.

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28
Q

antidiuretic hormone

ADH

A

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis).

increases reabsorption of water by the kidney.

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29
Q

calcitonin

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.

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30
Q

cortisol

A

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood SUGAR.

It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.

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31
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla

increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic).

“fight or flight”

releases glucose from storage

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32
Q

estradiol

A

Estrogen secreted by the ovaries.

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33
Q

estrogen

A

Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex.

Examples are estradiol and estrone.

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34
Q

follicle-stimulating

hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis).

FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes.

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35
Q

glucagon

A

Secreted by ALPHA islet cells of the pancreas

increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch, stored in liver cells) to glucose.

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36
Q 
growth hormone (GH);
somatotropin
A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues.

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37
Q

insulin

A

Secreted by BETA islet cells of the pancreas.

Insulin helps glucose (sugar) to pass into cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen.

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38
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.

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39
Q

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla

constricts vessels -increases heart rate and blood pressure

(sympathomimetic).

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40
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.

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41
Q

parathormone (PTH)

A

Secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.

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42
Q

progesterone

A

Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

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43
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); promotes milk secretion

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44
Q

somatotropin (STH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); growth hormone.

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45
Q

testosterone

A

Male hormone secreted by the testes.

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46
Q

thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH);
thyrotropin

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning.

Note: TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland.

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47
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.

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48
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases metabolism in cells. Note: The extra n in -thyronine (pronounced THĪ-rō-nēn) avoids the combination of two vowels (o and i)

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49
Q

vasopressin

A

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

increases water reabsorption and raises blood pressure.

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50
Q

catecholamines

A

Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla.

Epinephrine is a catecholamine.

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51
Q

corticosteroids

A

Hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex.

Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones).

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52
Q

electrolyte

A

Mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are electrolytes.

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53
Q

glucocorticoid

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response

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54
Q

homeostasis

A

Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.

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55
Q

hormone

A

Substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland.

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56
Q

hypothalamus

A

Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. It secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland.

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57
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral SALTS (electrolytes) and water balance in the body.

Aldosterone is an example.

58
Q

receptor

A

Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

59
Q

sella turcica

A

Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland.

60
Q

sex hormones

A

Steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.

61
Q

steroid

A

Complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made. Examples of steroids are estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. Ster/o means solid; -ol means oil.

62
Q

sympathomimetic

A

Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic hormone (it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways).

63
Q

target tissue

A

Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.

64
Q

aden/o

A

gland

65
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

66
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands (ovaries and testes)

67
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

68
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

69
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland; hypophysis

70
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

71
Q

hypogonadism

A

Deficiency of gonadotropins can produce hypogonadism

72
Q

andr/o

A

male

73
Q

calc/o, calci/o

A

calcium

74
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex, outer region

75
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

76
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

77
Q

estr/o

A

female

78
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

79
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

80
Q

home/o

A

sameness

81
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone

82
Q

kal/i

A

potassium (electrolyte)

83
Q

lact/o

A

milk

84
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

85
Q

natr/o

A

sodium (electrolyte)

86
Q

phys/o

A

growing

87
Q

somat/o

A

body

88
Q

ster/o

A

solid structure

89
Q

toc/o

A

childbirth

90
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

91
Q

ur/o

A

urine

92
Q

-agon

A

assemble, gather together

93
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

94
Q

-in, -ine

A

substance

95
Q

-tropin

A

stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)

96
Q

-uria

A

urine condition

97
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

98
Q

hyper-

A

excessive; above

99
Q

hypo-

A

deficient; below; under; less than normal

100
Q

oxy-

A

rapid, sharp, acid

101
Q

pan-

A

all

102
Q

poly-

A

many or increased

103
Q

tetra-

A

four

104
Q

tri-

A

three

105
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. (Graves disease)

106
Q

hypothyroidism

A

Underactivity of the thyroid gland.

Myxedema - advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood

cretinism - extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth

107
Q

thyroid carcinoma

A

Cancer of the thyroid gland.

108
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

Excessive production of parathormone.

calcium leaves the bones and enters the bloodstream, where it can produce damage to the kidneys and heart

109
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

Deficient production of parathyroid hormone.

calcium remains in bones and is unable to enter the
bloodstream.

110
Q

adrenal virilism

A

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens.

Amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening

111
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex

obesity, moon-like fullness of the face, excess deposition of fat in the thoracic region of the back (so-called buffalo hump), hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, and hypertension

112
Q

Addison disease

A

Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex.

generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy,
and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes (with hypoglycemia, low blood pressure, and hyponatremia)

113
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky
(phe/o) color (chrom/o)

The tumor cells produce excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

114
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia.

Fainting spells, convulsions, and loss of consciousness

115
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar,
starch, and fat metabolism in cells.

116
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

childhood onset

Autoantibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells are present.

117
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A 
Usually occurs after age 30
Gradual onset; asymptomatic
Insulin usually present
85% are obese
Ketoacidosis seldom occurs
118
Q

acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities.

adenomas of the pituitary glandthat occur during adulthood

119
Q

gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.

Benign adenomas of the pituitary gland that occur before a child reaches puberty produce an excess of growth hormone.

120
Q

dwarfism

A

Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism.

121
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

Deficiency of all pituitary hormones.

Tumors of the sella turcica as well as arterial aneurysms may be etiologic factors

122
Q

syndrome of inappropriate

ADH (SIADH)

A

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

Hypersecretion of ADH produces excess WATER RETENTION in the body.

123
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone causes the kidney tubules to fail to hold back (reabsorb) needed water and salts.

124
Q

fasting plasma glucose

FPG

A

Also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours

125
Q

serum and urine tests

A

Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function.

126
Q

thyroid function tests

A

Measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream.

127
Q

exophthalmometry

A

Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer.

128
Q 
computed tomography (CT)
scan
A

X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor.

129
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

MRI

A

Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities

130
Q

thyroid scan

A

Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland.

131
Q

ultrasound examination

A

Sound waves show images of endocrine organs.

132
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream

133
Q

exocrine glands

A

sends chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body

134
Q

Thyroid Fx

A

Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate

135
Q

calcitonin

A

stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone

136
Q

PTH

A

increase blood calcium

137
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

androgens and estrogens

influences - SEX

138
Q

Goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid

139
Q

Graves’ disease (Hyperthyroidism)

A

Exophthalmos and proptosis

140
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

loss of bone density
kidney stones
hypercalcemia

141
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

muscle and nerve weakness
tetany
hypocalcemia

Med Term - Exam 4 (9 decks)

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