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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 19 > Flashcards

Chap 19 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

Also called allergy; enhanced immune reaction leading to pathological changes.

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2
Q

Antigenic response that results in undesirable effects

A

Hypersensitivity

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3
Q

When does hypersensitivity happen?

A

People who have been sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen

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4
Q

Allergen

A

Antigen that causes hypersensitivity

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5
Q

During hypersensitivity, what happens when a sensitized individual is exposed to the antigen again?

A

The body’s immune system reacts to it in a damaging manner

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6
Q

Immunopathology

A

The study of hypersensitivity reactions

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7
Q

The study of hypersensitivity reactions is called

A

Immunopathology

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8
Q

What are the four principal types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A

1.Anaphylactic
2.cytoxic
3. Immune complex
4. Cell-mediated

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9
Q

Delayed-type reactions

A

Cell-mediated

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10
Q

A reaction that occurs in a sensitized individual resulting in tissue damage, rather than immunity

A

Hypersensitivity reaction

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11
Q

Reactions that happen 2-30 minutes after a sensitized person is exposed to an antigen

A

Type I Anaphylactic reactions

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12
Q

Anaphylaxis in Greek means

A

Opposite of protected

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13
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE antibodies, last cells and basophils

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14
Q

Systemic anaphylaxis reactions can lead to

A

Shock, breathing difficulties, sometimes fatal

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15
Q

Localized anaphylaxis reactions can lead to

A

Common allergic conditions such as hay fever, asthma and hives

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16
Q

Are all immune responses beneficial?

A

No, too strong reactions can be life threatening

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17
Q

Mast cells are especially prevalent in

A

1.The mucosal and connective tissue of skin
2.respiratory tract and surrounding blood vessels

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18
Q

Basophils in the bloodstream are recruited to

A

Site of infection.

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19
Q

Mast cells and basophils contain

A

Granules of histamine and other chemical mediators

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20
Q

What type of cells do IgE antibodies bind to?

A

Mast cells and basophils

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21
Q

Which are the steps of an anaphylactic reaction?

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A
  1. IgE binds to mast cells and basophils
  2. Antigen molecules cross-link adjacent IgE molecules
  3. Degranulation occurs
  4. Chemical mediators such as histamine are released
  5. Capillary permeability and smooth muscle contractions increase
  6. Neutrophils and eosinophils move to the site
22
Q

Which is true regarding systemic anaphylaxis?

Study These Flashcards
A

1.Systemic reaction can be fatal in only a few minutes
2. Result in dramatic decrease in blood pressure
3. Commonly associated with injected antigens

23
Q

What are the outcomes of taking antihistamine?

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A
  1. Decreased mucus
  2. Decreased histamine-based stimulation of cells
  3. Decreased permeability of blood vessels
24
Q

What is the purpose of desensitization programs?

Study These Flashcards
A

Repeated exposure to the (wasp venom) antigen will increase the amount of IgG made by the immune system

25
Desensitization can be accomplished by injecting small amounts of
The antigen/allergen
26
Helps prevent allergic response
Desensitization
27
The IgG molecules made during desensitization function as
Blocking antibodies
28
Blocking antibodies are extremely effective in
Providing protection from a hypersensitivity reaction
29
Why are blocking IgG antibodies so effective at protecting from another response to wasp venom?
The blocking IgG antibodies outnumber the IgE antibodies and bind to wasp venom before the IgE antibodies can bind
30
HIV induces AIDS by
Killing helper T cells, reducing the number of cells below 200 per microliter
31
Which HIV diagnostic method tests for HIV directly?
PCR, used to determine if HIV RNA is present in patient samples
32
HIV is spread by
-Blood, -Breast milk -Unprotected sexual intercourse
33
HIV infects which cells?
Immune cells CD4-positive T-helper cells and macrophages. Does not infect cells of the digestive system or lungs.
34
Which group of anti retroviral drugs prevents viral assembly and release?
Protease inhibitors
35
Protease inhibitors
Prevent large viral proteins from cleaving into smaller, viral proteins
36
Protease inhibitors help prevent
Viral assembly and release from infected cells
37
Progress of HIV infection in adults can be divided into 3 steps
1. Infection is asymptomatic. HIV population in blood is at its highest 2. CD4+ T cells undergoes steady decline, but few serious symptoms are apparent 3. Clinical AIDS. CD4+ T cells counts drop below 200 cells per microliter
38
Type 1 hypersensitivity results from
Release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen
39
Type 2 hypersensitivity results when
Cells are destroyed by the immune system
40
Type 3 hypersensitivity results when
Antigen antibody complexes become trapped in organs, including the joints and blood vessels
41
Proteins made by wbcs that adhere to complementary antigens on the surface of rbcs
Antibodies
42
Passive immunotherapy
Delivery of pathogen specific antibodies to an individual
43
The antibodies in passive immunotherapy immediately
Bind to the pathogen specific antigens, ultimately leading to the elimination of the pathogen
44
Active immunotherapy
Immunization. Delivery of pathogen specific antigens to a person. Adaptive immune response is generated. In a week, antigen specific antibodies will be produced and will ultimately lead to the elimination of the pathogen
45
Passive immunotherapy does not make
Memory cells, protection is temporary
46
Live vaccines
Contain attenuated pathogens
47
Killed vaccines
Pathogens unable to replicate
48
Toxoid vaccines
Uses modified toxins
49
Combination vaccine
Contains antigens from multiple pathogens
50
Live vaccines contain
Avirulent microbes Capable of replicating
51
Which are the possible complications of vaccination?
-residual virulence -anaphylactic shock -fever/seizures

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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