Chap 5 Flashcards
(310 cards)
1
Q
Non-competitive inhibitors
A
Don’t bind to substrate binding site. They bind at another place and change the shape of the active binding side. Increasing substrate concentration has no effect on non-competitive inhibition
2
Q
Competitive inhibitors
A
Have similar shape to substrate. They bind to the enzyme active binding site and outcompete the substrate.
If the substrate increases in amount, then the substrate can outcompete the competitive inhibitor.
3
Q
Metabolism
A
Build up and breakdown of nutrients within the cell
4
Q
Function of metabolism
A
Chemical reactions provide energy and create life-sustaining substances
5
Q
What provides the energy for anabolic reactions?
A
Catabolic reactions
6
Q
Many microbial metabolic pathways are beneficial instead of
A
Pathogenic
7
Q
Breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism; exergonic
A
Catabolism
8
Q
Uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; endergonic
A
Anabolism
9
Q
What is the role of ATP in coupling anabolic and catabolic reactions
A
- energy is released by hydrolysis of ATP
-energy is stored in molecules of ATP
10
Q
dental plaque consists of
A
Bacteria
11
Q
Facilitate metabolic reactions
A
Enzymes
12
Q
Used by microbes and other cells to manage energy needs
A
ATP
13
Q
Reactions couple with ATP synthesis
A
Catabolic
14
Q
reactions that couple with ATP breakdown
A
Anabolic
15
Q
Releases energy by oxidation of molecules
A
Catabolism
16
Q
Uses energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell
A
Anabolism
17
Q
Metabolic pathways
A
sequence of metabolic reactions in a cell. They are catalyzed by enzymes.
18
Q
Metabolic pathways are determined by
A
Enzymes
19
Q
Enzymes are encoded by
A
genes
20
Q
Sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
A
metabolism
21
Q
Metabolism includes
A
metabolism and anabolism
22
Q
How is energy from catabolism stored?
A
ATP
23
Q
How is energy wasted during anabolism and catabolism?
A
Energy is lost as heat
24
Q
Collision theory
A
Chemical reactions happen when atoms, ions and molecules collide.
25
Activation energy
the collision energy you need for a chemical reaction to occur
26
Reaction Rate
Frequency of collisions that have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction
27
How can you increase reaction rate?
1. Enzymes,
2. Raising temperature,
3. Raising pressure,
4. Raising concentration,
28
Catalysts
speed up chemical reactions without being altered
29
Find the term: Biological catalysts
Enzymes
30
Enzymes act on a specific
substrate
31
Function of enzymes
Lower activation energy
32
enzyme-substrate complex
Substrate fitting into the enzymes active site
33
Substrate is transformed and rearranged into _________ which are released from the enzyme
Products
34
What happens to the enzyme when its used?
Enzyme is unchanged and can react with other substrates
35
A specific enzyme accepts a
specific substrate
36
Turnover number
the number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second
37
Turnover number can be
Generally 1 to 10,000
Can be as high as 500,000
38
Oxidoreductase
Enzyme for oxidation-reduction reactions
39
Transferase
Enzyme for transfer of functional groups
40
Hydrolase
hydrolysis
41
Lyase
removal of atoms without hydrolysis
42
Isomerase
rearrangement of atoms
43
Ligase
joining of molecules; uses A T P
44
Enzyme components: Apoenzyme
protein portion (inactive when alone)
45
Enzyme components : Cofactor
nonprotein component
46
Enzyme components: Coenzyme
organic cofactor
47
Enzyme components: Holoenzyme:
apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole, active enzyme form)
48
Assist enzymes; electron carriers
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
CoA
49
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
50
NADP+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
51
FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
52
Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity
1. TEMPERATURE
2. pH
3. Substrate concentration
4. Inhibitors
53
What can denature proteins?
1. High temperature
2. extreme pH
54
When does the enzyme catalyze at its maximum rate?
When the substrate concentration is high (high saturation)
55
Competitive inhibitors
fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate
56
interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called allosteric inhibition
noncompetitive inhibitors
57
What can non-competitive inhibitors do ?
1. Change the shape of the active site
2. Can be reversible or non-reversible
58
What is allosteric inhibition?
inhibitors bind somewhere else other than the active site
59
Increasing the number of substrate has no effect on which kind of inhibition?
non-competitive
60
Feedback inhibition
The end product of a reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway.
61
Ribozymes
RNA that works like catalysts. Binds to substrates and acts upon them.
62
Are ribozymes used up in reactions?
no
63
Ribozymes are frequently used in the cell to
cut and splice R N A
64
Ribozymes are also involved in
in protein synthesis in ribosomes
65
Oxidation
removal of electrons
66
Reduction
gain of electrons
67
Redox reaction:
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
68
In biological systems, electrons and protons are removed at the same time; equivalent to
a hydrogen atom
69
Biological oxidations are often
dehydrogenations
70
A T P is generated by
by the phosphorylation of A D P with the input of energy
71
A T P is generated when
high energy PO4- is added to ADP
72
Electron transport chain system
Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another. The electron transport chain system is located on a membrane. The ETP releases energy to make ATP.
73
Chemiosmosis
Process where ATP is made from ADP using energy from the electron transport chain
74
Photophosphorylation only happens in
photosynthetic cells with light-trapping pigments like chlorophylls
75
What happens in photophosphorylation?
light energy is changed to chemical energy (ATP) during the oxidation from chlorophyll. The electrons pass through a system of carrier molecules.
76
Outline the three ways that A T P is generated.
1.Glycolysis,
2. Krebs Cycle,
3.Oxidative phosphorylation
77
What are Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production?
Series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions
78
What is the purpose of Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production?
Extracts energy from organic compounds and stores it in chemical form (A T P)
79
The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy typically occurs in three principle stages
1.Glycolysis
2.Krebs cycle
3.Electron transport chain (system)
80
Glycolysis
The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces A T P and N A D H
81
The metabolsim of glucose occurs in
almost every single cell
82
What is the term for the breakdown of glucose?
Glycolysis
83
Glycolysis is also called the
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
84
Main phases of glycolysis
Preparatory stage & Energy conservation stage
85
What happens in the preparatory stage?
uses two molecules of ATP to phosphorylate glucose. Makes it easier to break it apart into two 3-carbon molecules
86
What is produced in the energy conservation stage?
4ATP
2NADH
2 pyruvic acid molecules.
87
What happens at the end of glycolysis?
The energy found in glucose has been converted to a net of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules
2 pyruvate
88
1. 2 A T P are used
2. Glucose is split to form two molecules: one glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (gram P), and one dihydroxyacetone phosphate (D H A P)
3. D H A P is readily converted to gram P
Preparatory stage
89
1. The two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules
2. 4 A T P are produced
3. 2 N A D H are produced
Energy-conserving stage
90
Prepares glucose for utilization by the cell
Preparatory stage
91
Energy investment stage
Part of preparatory stage
1. ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose
92
Lysis stage
Part of preparatory stage
1. Doubly phosphorylated molecule is cleaved into two phosphorylated 3-carbon sugars
93
Results in a net gain of available energy by the cell in the form of ATP and NADH
Glycolysis
94
True or false: Energy is needed to start glycolysis?
True; ATP is needed
95
What happens in first step of glycolysis?
A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose
96
What happens in the second step of glycolysis?
atoms of glucose 6-phosphate are rearranged to form fructose 6-phosphate
97
Third step of glycolysis
further energy is invested in the form of ATP forming fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
98
Fourth step of glycolysis
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleaved into two 3-carbon sugars, DHAP & G3P/GP
99
Glycolysis is named after which step ?
4th step
100
5th step of glycolysis
isomerase transforms the dihydroxyacetone phosphate into its isomer, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
101
6th step of glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid
102
Each glucose molecule that goes through glycolysis results in the production of _ molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
2, this is important because it makes two of each of the products from the 6th step onward
103
The phosphate in the 6th step does not come from ATP, it comes from
a free inorganic phosphate in solution
104
What happens during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
one NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each of the two 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid molecules formed
105
During the energy conserving stage, the two 3-carbon sugars are oxidized over several steps to
2 molecules of pyruvic acid
106
Glycolysis results in
Overall net gain of two molecules of A T P for each molecule of glucose oxidized
107
Equation for glycolysis
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O)
108
Purpose of pentose phosphate pathway
Breaks down five-carbon pentose sugars and/or glucose and produces N A D P H
109
Which pathway operates simultaneously with glycolysis?
Pentose phosphate pathway
110
Which pathway can provide intermediates for synthesis reactions?
Pentose phosphate pathway
111
Entner-Doudoroff pathway produces
N A D P H and A T P
112
Which pathway does not involve glycolysis; operates independently?
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
113
Which pathway Occurs in Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Agrobacterium
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
114
What is the value of the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways if they produce only one A T P molecule?
they play critical roles in generating NADPH and metabolic intermediates
115
What happens in cellular respiration?
Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate an electron transport chain
116
In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor comes from
outside the cell and is inorganic
117
Aerobic respiration uses ______ as the final electron acceptor
oxygen
118
Anaerobic respiration uses what as the final electron acceptor?
a molecule other than oxygen
119
ATP is generated by what in cellular respiration?
oxidative phosphorylation
120
What happens during the krebs cycle?
Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and
decarboxylation (loss of CO2 occurs
Oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 , making some ATP, energy containing NADH, and FADH2
121
What results from the two-carbon compound in the krebs cycle?
The resulting two-carbon compound attaches to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA and N A D H
122
In the Krebs Cycle, Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces
1. N A D H,
2. FADH2,
3. ATP
4. Liberates CO2 as waste
123
What happens in the first step of the krebs cycle?
acetyl CoA donates the Acetyl group to oxaloacetic acid to make citric acid
124
What makes the addition of the acetyl group to the oxaloacetate acid possible?
The high energy bond between the acetyl group and CoA makes the addition of the acetyl group to the oxaloacetate acid possible
125
What happens in the second step of the Krebs cycle?
Citric acid is rearranged to form isocitric acid
126
What happens when citric acid is changed to isocitric acid?
water is removed from one carbon atom of citric acid, and then added back to the adjacent carbon atom.
127
Why is citric acid rearranged to isocitric acid?
to prepare for two consecutive decarboxylation steps, which generate usable energy
128
What happens in the third step of the Krebs Cycle?
the isocitric acid is oxidized and decarboxylated to produce a-ketoglutaric acid
129
The free energy released during the third step of krebs cycle is used to?
reduce an NAD+ molecule to generate an NADH molecule
130
The NADH molecule in the Krebs cycle can move to
generate 3 ATPs through oxidative phosphorylation
131
What happens in the fourth step of the krebs cycle?
a-ketoglutaric acid loses another carbon atom in the form of carbon dioxide
132
The loss of a CO2 molecule is accompanied by
a large release of energy, therefore another NADH molecule is generated from NAD+
133
In the fourth step of the krebs cycle, the remaining 4-carbon succinyl group is attached to
CoA, producing succinyl CoA
134
What allows more energy to be extracted from the succinyl molecule in the krebs cycle?
coupling step
135
What happens in the fifth step of the krebs cycle?
water reacts with succinyl CoA, releasing CoA and producing succinic acid
136
Breaking the high energy bond between the succinyl group and CoA releases
a large amount of energy, which helps make guanosine triphosphate
137
GTP carries the same amount of energy as an
ATP molecule
138
GTP can be used to produce which molecule?
ATP
139
The CoA can be recycled to react with
a-ketoglutaric acid
140
6th step of krebs cycle
involves another oxidation reaction, succinic acid loses 2 H atoms to form fumaric acid,
141
FAD gains two H atoms, reducing FAD to
FADH2-
142
The FADH2 molecule has the reducing capability to produce
2 ATPs during oxidative phsophorylation
143
What happens in the 7th step of krebs cycle?
newly created double bond of fumaric acid is hydrated to form malic acid
144
What is the purpose of the 7th step of krebs cycle?
does not produce energy, but it makes the intermediate for 8th step
145
8th step of krebs cycle
oxidation;
Malic acid is oxidized to regenerate oxaloacetic acid, one of the reactants for the first step of the krebs cycle, molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH
146
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
In the plasma membrane of prokaryotes; inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
147
What happens during the electron transport chain?
Series of carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
148
Examples of carrier molecules that are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain?
flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones
149
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to produce
ATP by chemiosmosis
150
What happens during chemiosmosis?
Electrons from NADH pass down the electron transport chain, while the protons are pumped across the membrane
151
What establishes the proton gradient (proton motive force)?
chemiosmosis
152
What does ATP synthase do ?
1. Protons in higher concentration on one side of the membrane diffuse through ATP synthase/ lets protons move through, which gives the energy to make ATP
153
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
154
Equation for Aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38 P i ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ 38 ATP
155
Each N A D H can be oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce
3 molecules of ATP
156
Each FADH2 can produce
2 molecules of ATP
157
Which kind of respiration yields less energy than Aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respirtation
158
The final electron acceptor is NOT O2?
Anaerobic respiration
159
Electron acceptor NO3- the product is
NO2-, N2, H2O
160
Electron acceptor SO4 2-, the products are
H2S + H2O
161
Electron acceptor CO3 2-, the products are
CH4 + H2O
162
What are the principal products of the Krebs cycle?
carbon dioxide (CO2),
3NADH,
1 FADH2,
1GTP
163
How do carrier molecules function in the electron transport chain?
undergo a sequence of redox reactions in order to carry electrons from a primary electron donor all the way to a terminal electron acceptor
164
Compare the energy yield (A T P) of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration
165
What does fermentation do ?
Releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules
166
Fermentation does not require
oxygen
167
Fermentation does not use
Krebs cycle or E T C
168
What does fermentation use as the final electron acceptor?
organic molecule
169
What amount of ATP does fermentation produce?
Small amounts of ATP
170
Lactic acid fermentation produces
lactic acid
171
Homolactic fermentation produces
lactic acid only
172
Heterolactic fermentation produces
lactic acid and other compounds
173
In fermentation, Glucose is oxidized to
pyruvic acid
174
In fermentation, pyruvic acid is reduced by
NADH
175
Alcohol fermentation produces
Ethanol and CO2
176
Explain the process of alcohol fermentation
1. Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid,
2. Pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde & CO2,
3. NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol
177
Pyruvic acid+ Propionibacterium
proprionic acid,
acetic acid,
H2
178
Pyruvic acid + clostridium
butyric acid, butanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, CO2
179
Pyruvic Acid+ Escherichia, Salmonella
ethanol
lactic acid
succinic acid,
acetic acid
CO2 and H2
180
Pyruvic acid and Enterobacter
ethanol, lactic acid, formic acid, butanediol, acetoin, CO2 and H2
181
List four compounds that can be made from pyruvic acid by an organism that uses fermentation.
1. lactic acid,
2. formic acid
3. ethanol
4.CO2
182
How are proteins broken down into amino acids?
Get broken down by extracellular proteases and peptidases
183
Do amino acids cross plasma membranes?
Yes because the are Deaminated, decarboxylated, desulfurized to get the molecules that can enter the krebs cycle
184
What are the end-products of lipid and protein catabolism?
Lipids: Glycerol/ fatty acids
Protein: amino acids
185
Biochemical tests identify bacteria by
detecting enzymes (e.g., those involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation)
186
What is the Fermentation test?
a pH test . Bacteria that catabolize carbs or proteins produce acid, making the pH indicator change color.
187
The fermentation test can also be used with?
Durham tube to detect gas production during fermentation
188
What is the oxidase test ?
finds bacteria that have cytochrome c oxidase (e. g. , Pseudomonas)
189
On what biochemical basis are Pseudomonas and Escherichia differentiated?
Pseudomonas: oxidative- POSITIVE
Escherichia is oxidative- NEGATIVE
190
What are Light-dependent (light) reactions?
conversion of light energy into chemical energy (A T P and N A D P H)
191
What are light-independent (dark) reactions?
ATP & NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to sugar (carbon fixation) via Calvin-Benson cyccle
192
What is carbon fixation?
reducing CO2 to sugar. Turning inorganic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic compounds.
193
What kind of life can do photosynthesis?
1. Plants,
2. Algae,
3. Cyanobacteria,
4. other prokaryotes
194
What is photosynthesis?
Using water, light and CO2 to make glucose
195
Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place?
folds of the cell membranes in prokaryotes
196
Where did chloroplasts come from?
Thought to have been swallowed by other kinds of bacteria
197
Thylakoids
structures in chloroplasts that contain all components that help harvest light in the thylakoid membranes
198
What molecule in chloroplasts helps capture light?
chlorophyll
199
What does does the light captured by chlorophyll do?
makes a proton gradient during light dependent reactions
200
proton gradient in chloroplasts is used to make
ATP
201
During the light dependent reactions, NADP+ is reduced to
NADPH
202
The ATP and NADPH PRODUCED DURING THE LIGHT DEPENDNT REACTIONS ARE USED TO MAKE
Glucose in the dark reactions of calvin-benson cycle
203
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 +12H2S+ LIGHT ---> C6H12O6 + H2O + 12S
204
phototrophs
organisms that use light as their energy source, and carry out photosynthesis
205
Groups of photosynthetic bacteria
photoautotrophs,
Photoheterotrophs
206
Phototrophs that use CO2
Photoautotrophs
207
Phototrophs that use organic compounds
photoheterotrophs
208
Types of photoheterotrophs
Green non-sulfur bacteria
Purple non-sulfur bacteria
209
Cyanobacteria
Uses water to reduce CO2
210
Use sulfur compounds to reduce CO2
Green sulfur bacteria
purple sulfur bacteria
211
Prokaryotes that are most like eukaryotic algae and plants
Cyanobacteria
212
Cyanobacteria have what attached to thylakoids?
chlorophyll a and other pigments
213
Cyanobacteria resembles a
chloroplast
214
Cyanobacteria use water to
reduce CO2 and give off O2 , like eukaryotes
215
Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts are both
Oxygenic
216
Cyanobacteria and chlororplasts are found in which environments
Aerobic environments, like surface of a lake, or ocean.
217
Where do the green and purple colors come from?
from the bacteriochlorophylls. They absorb light at different wavelengths
218
In green bacteria, the bacteriochlorophyll is located in
a spherical structure called a chlorosome
219
Where is the chlorosome located?
just inside the plasma membrane
220
Purple bacteria have their bacteriochlorophylls located on
the intracytoplasmic membranes, often found in layers
221
The green and purple bacteria do not use water as their
reducing power, they dont make oxygen
222
anoxygenic bacteria
green and purple bacteria, found in anaerobic enviroments
223
Carbon source for purple non-sulfur bacteria
Organic compounds, alcohols, acids, carbohydrates
224
Reducing power for purple non-sulfur bacteria
Organic compounds
225
Carbon source of purple sulfur bacteria
CO2
226
What is the reducing power for Purple sulfur bacteria
H2S or S2O3 2- (thiosulfate)
227
Green non-sulfur bacteria carbon source
Organic compounds
228
Green non-sulfur bacteria reducing power is
organic compounds
229
Green sulfur bacteria carbon source
CO2
230
Green sulfur bacteria reducing power
H2S
231
How is photosynthesis important to catabolism?
It provides the organic molecules, like glucose, that organisms break down during catabolic processes to release energy in the form of ATP
232
What is made during the light-dependent reactions?
ATP & NADPH
233
How are oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation similar?
both processes generate ATP by using an electron transport chain to create a proton gradient across a membrane, which then drives the synthesis of ATP through the enzyme ATP synthase
234
Summarize how oxidation enables organisms to get energy from glucose, sulfur, or sunlight.
transferring electrons from these molecules to an electron acceptor, releasing energy in the process which is then used to generate ATP, the primary energy currency of cells
235
Phototroph
use light energy to drive A T P production
236
Photoautotroph
use energy obtained initially from light in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar
237
Oxygenic:
produces O2
238
Anoxygenic
does not produce O2
239
Photoheterotrophs
use organic compounds as sources of carbon; anoxygenic
240
Chemoautotrophs obtain energy from
inorganic chemicals; use CO2 as carbon source
241
For chemoautotrophs, energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix
CO2
242
Chemoheterotrophs
Obtain energy A N D carbon from organic chemicals
Medically and economically important
243
Almost all medically important microbes belong to which of the four aforementioned groups?
Chemoheterotrophs
244
Where do amino acids required for protein synthesis come from?
the intermediates formed from the pentose phosphate pathway, the Krebs cycle, and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.
245
Define amphibolic pathways
metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism
246
Many pathways function simultaneously with common intermediates
amphibolic pathways
247
Aminoacids can be further broken down through
glycolysis, and krebs cycle
248
Nucleic acids can be broken down by
nucleases into nucleotides and can enter the the glycolysis pathway
249
How are polysaccharides broken down?
broken into glucose and then broken down through glycolysis and krebs cycle
250
Lipase enzymes break lipids into
glycerol & fatty acids
251
Which pathway breaks down glycerol?
The glycolytic pathway
252
Fatty acids enter just prior to the
krebs cycle
253
fermentation is also considered
catabolism
254
Fermentation converts pyruvic acid into
other 2 and 3-carbon molecules & CO2
255
Synthesis of ______ , ______ ______, ______________ & ______ is the reverse of their catabolism
1. proteins
2. nucleic acids
3. polysaccharides
4. lipids
256
The pentose phosphate pathway uses and intermediate from glycolysis to produce
5-carbon sugars called pentoses,
257
The pentose phosphate pathway makes pentoses that are useful for
synthesis of nucleotides
258
Photosynthesis is primarily what kind of reaction?
Anabolic
259
At what pH is the Enzyme most active?
5.0
260
How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction?
The rate of reaction increases when you have more substrate, until all the active sites on the enzyme molecules are filled, that's when you've reached the maximum rate of reaction.
261
What is the purpose of metabolic pathways?
to convert nutrients into usable energy for cellular functions. To break down larger molecules into smaller ones that the body needs.
262
4th step of glycolysis
1. fructose 1,6 bisphosphate gets cleaved into DHAP and GTP/G3P
2. DHAP gets turned into G3P/GP, directions is driven to G3P
263
6th step of glycolysis
G3P converted to 1,3- bisphosphoglyceric acid
264
During the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate,
one NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each of the two 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid molecules formed
265
During the energy conserving stage, the two 3-carbon sugars
the two 3-carbon sugars are oxidized over several steps to two molecules of pyruvic acid
266
What is made during the 6th step of glycolysis?
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH:
267
Calvin Benson cycle
Fixation of CO2 into reduced organic compounds; used by autotrophs
268
What happens to NADH and FADH2 after the Krebs cycle?
They get oxidized in the electron transport chain to make ATP
269
Substrate level phosphorylation
ATP is usually generated when a high energy is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP . Does NOT GENERATE ATP using Electron transport chain
270
NAD+ transfers
Electrons
271
Function of coenzymes
Assist enzyme by accepting or donating atoms to/from the substrate
272
Two of the most important coenzymes are
NAD+ & NADP+
273
NAD+ receives
One H atom and one electron. One proton is released into the medium
274
NAD+ is reduced to
NADH, which is a more energy rich molecule
275
All of the following are required for the generation of ATP by chemiosmosis except
Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
276
Define chemiosmosis
The transfer of electrons from one electron carrier to the next releases energy, some of which is used to generate ATP from ADP
277
Enzymes work most effectively at their optimal
pH, amount of substrate, temperature
278
Nitrobacter bacteria use carbon dioxide for their carbon source and nitrate ions as an energy source this organism is a
Chemoautotroph
279
An increase in pH is a result of
Deamination.
The amino group of an amino acid is removed and converted to ammonium ion NH4+ which can be excreted from the cell causing an increase in pH of the medium
280
What are the products of non-cyclic photophosphorylation
1.ATP
2. O2
3. NADPH
281
Carbon fixation occurs during
Photosynthesis
282
The synthesis of sugars by using carbon atoms from carbon dioxide gas is also called
Carbon fixation
283
The chemical energy from photosynthesis is then used to
Convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to more reduced Carbon compounds primarily sugars
284
Thiobacillus bacterium uses the Calvin Benson cycle to reduce carbon dioxide and the oxidation of sulfide ions for energy this organism is a
Chemoautotroph
285
Use electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy & CO2 as their principal source of carbon
Chemoautotroph
286
Carbon dioxide fixation occurs in the_________ cycle
Calvin Benson cycle
287
Amination
Amino acids are synthesized by adding an amine group to pyruvic acid or to an intermediate from the Krebs cycle
288
Uses light as its energy source and carbon dioxide as its carbon source
Photoautotroph
289
Pentose phosphate pathway
produces five carbon intermediates needed for synthesis of nucleic acids
290
Use organic molecules as energy and carbon sources
Heterotrophs
291
Which molecule traps energy released during oxidation reduction reactions
ATP
292
Which one molecule could provide the carbon source the energy source and the electron source for a chemoheterotroph
Glucose
293
Chemoautotrophs
Organisms that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and ammonia or hydrogen sulfide as energy sources
294
Which is not a reaction that occurs in the catabolism of amino acids
Carbon fixation
295
Amphibolic pathways
Can function in anabolism or catabolism
296
Amphibolic pathways
Can function in anabolism or catabolism
297
What happens during the light independent reactions
Organism synthesize sugars
298
What happens during the light independent reactions
Organism synthesize sugars
299
The light independent reactions include a complex cyclic pathway called the
Calvin Benson cycle
300
The light independent reactions include a complex cyclic pathway called the
Calvin Benson cycle
301
What happens during the Calvin Benson cycle
Carbon dioxide is fixed and used to synthesize sugars
302
Glucose as energy
Respires O2
Chemoheterotroph
303
Use the electrons from hydrogen atoms in organic compounds as their energy source
Chemoheterotrophs
304
Use electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy, and they use CO2 as principal source of carbon. Sources of energy can include: H2S, S, NH3, nitrite NO2-
Chemoautotrophs
305
Which test is commonly used to find aerobic microorganisms
Oxidase test
306
What is glycolysis
The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
307
How does glycolysis occur?
1.Enzymes of glycolysis catalyze the splitting of sugar into 2 3 carbon sugars
2. Sugars get oxidized and release energy.
3. Atoms are rearranged to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
308
Electrons from the oxidation of glucose are transferred to
NAD+
309
How does glycolysis make ATP
Through substrate level phosphorylation
310
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
ATP is generated when high energy gets transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP
