chap 2

Question 1

gamma- aminobutyric acid

Answer 1

substance that reduces activity across the synapse, inhibiting a range of behaviors and emotions

Question 2

serotonin

Answer 2

substance involved in processing of information, coordination of movement, inhibition, and restraint

Question 3

norepinephrine

Answer 3

substance active in the central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 4

dopamine

Answer 4

substance whose function is to activate other substances and aid in exploratory and pleasure seeking behaviors

Question 5

multidimensional integrative approach

Answer 5

study of psychopathology theorizing that psychological disorders are the product of numerous interacting causal factors

Question 6

diathesis-stress model

Answer 6

hypothesis that both inherited tendency and specific difficult conditions are required to produce a disorder

Question 7

vulnerability

Answer 7

susceptibility or tendency to develop a disorder

Question 8

gene-environment correlation model

Answer 8

hypothesis that people with predisposition for a disorder may create risk factors promoting the disorder

Question 9

epigenetics

Answer 9

study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence that alter the phenotypic expression of genes

Question 10

neuroscience

Answer 10

study of the nervous system and its role in behavior, thoughts, and emotions

Question 11

neuron

Answer 11

individual nerve cell that’s responsible for transmitting information

Question 12

action potential

Answer 12

short period of electrical activity at the membrane of a neuron responsible for transmitting signals

Question 13

terminal button

Answer 13

end of an axon where chemicals that carry impulses are stored before release

Question 14

synaptic cleft

Answer 14

space between nerve cells where chemical carriers act to move impulses from neuron to neuron

Question 15

neurotransmitter

Answer 15

chemical that carries impulses from one neuron to the next

Question 16

hormone

Answer 16

chemical messenger produced by the endocrine glands

Question 17

brain circuits

Answer 17

collection of neural pathways in the central nervous system

Question 18

agonist

Answer 18

chemical substance that effectively increases the activity of an impulse carrier by imitating its effects

Question 19

inverse agonist

Answer 19

chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular impulse carrier

Question 20

reuptake

Answer 20

absorption of a substance back into the discharging neuron after being released

Question 21

antagonist

Answer 21

chemical substance that decreases or blocks the effects of an impulse carrier

Question 22

glutamate

Answer 22

amino acid that excites many different neurons, leading to action

Question 23

learned helplessness

Answer 23

theory that people become depressed when they think they have no control in their lives

Question 24

modeling

Answer 24

learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of individuals and consequences of that behavior

Question 25

prepared learning

Answer 25

ability that has been adaptive for evolution, allowing certain associations to be mastered more readily

Question 26

implicit memory

Answer 26

condition in which a person cannot recall past events despite acting in response to them

Question 27

flight or fight response

Answer 27

biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources to resist or leave

Question 28

emotion

Answer 28

pattern of action elicited by external events and a feeling state, with a physiological response

Question 29

mood

Answer 29

enduring period of emotionality

Question 30

affect

Answer 30

conscious, subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action at a given time

Question 31

circumplex model

Answer 31

theory describing different emotions as points in a 2-dimensional space of valence and arousal

Question 32

equifinality

Answer 32

developmental psychopathology principle that a behavior or disorder may have several causes

Question 33

epigenetics**

Answer 33

environment can influence gene expansion

Question 34

central nervous system connects to what

Answer 34

spinal cord and brain

Question 35

peripheral nervous system is comprised of what

Answer 35

automatic and somatic nervous system controls muscles and glands in the body

Question 36

cortex**

Answer 36

outermost brain

Question 37

perianal lobe **

Answer 37

determines body position, sensory, touch

Question 38

temporal lobe**

Answer 38

auditory areas

Question 39

endocrine system**

Answer 39

responsible for releasing hormones in blood stream.

Question 40

frontal lobe**

Answer 40

speaking and muscle movement, last part to develop