chap 34 Flashcards
(44 cards)
traits of vertebrates
4
- Vertebrae
- Endoskeleton
- Cranium
- Complex internal organs
characteristics and adaptive values of jawless fish (Myxini (hagfish) and Petromyzontida (lamprays)
3
-Important deep-sea scavengers
-Have rasping tongue
-cartilaginous skull
characteristics and adaptive values of Gnathostomes
2
-Jaws may have came from gill slits
-Lateral line system (sense organs that form a row along each side of the body to detect vibrations)
(Jawed vertebrates)
characteristics and adaptive values of Chondrichthyes
6
-Cartilaginous skeleton
-True bones were in common ancestor, but lost again in sharks
-Two-chambered heart
-Internal fertilization
-Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
-jaws
sharks
characteristics and adaptive values of Actinopterygii
3
- Bony skeleton
- Operculum (gill covers)
- Swim bladder (lung derivative)
(ray-finned fishes)
characteristics and adaptive values of Sarcopterygii
3
-Gave rise to tetrapods
-Fins supported by extensions of skeleton
-Includes coelacanths and lungfishes
characteristics and adaptive values of Lobefins
3
-Have both gills and lungs
-Must breathe air to survive
-Fins supported by extensions of skeleton
characteristics and adaptive values of Amphibia
6
-Must return to water to reproduce
-External fertilization
-Larval stage aquatic
-Gulp air to force air into lungs
-Skin can absorb oxygen
-3-chambered heart
characteristics and adaptive values of Amniotes
1
It allowed the embryo to develop on land, whether it be inside a desiccation-resistant shell, or inside the the mother’s body
characteristics and adaptive values of Reptilia
5
-Snakes, tuataras, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, and birds
-Scales made of keratin
-Internal fertilization
-Lays eggs on land
-Cold-blooded (ectotherm)
characteristics and adaptive values of Mammalia
- milk
- embryo
adaptations that allowed early tetrapods to transition to life on land
4
- Structural support -Strong bones, ribs
- Changes in locomotion -Four limbs; head & shoulders
- Ability to exchange gasses in air -Lungs
- Adaptations to prevent desiccation -Waterproof skins or semi-permeable skin
adaptations that allowed amniotes to live their entire life cycle in a dry environment
4
-Amniotic egg
-Internal fertilization
-Desiccation-resistant skin
-Thoracic breathing (didn’t have to rely on gas exchange through their skin)
Lepidosaurs
Includes tuataras, lizards, and snakes
reptile
Sqaumates
Includes just snakes and lizards
archosaurs
Includes birds, crocodilians, dinosaurs
characteristics and the value of turtles
shells
3 chambered heart
characteristics and the value of crocodilians
-Upturned nostrils for breathing in shallow water
-Only other reptile than birds to have a four-chambered heart
characteristics and the value of birds
-Many adaptations to reduce weight (hollow bones, lack of a urinary bladder, one ovary
-Most fly
-Toothless
-Feathers made of keratin
-Four-chambered heart
characteristics and the value of monotremes
-no placenta
-Lack nipples, but produce milk
-Lay eggs
-Consists of platypuses and anteaters
Importance of bipedalism
-Much more efficient way to move on open ground
-This was more important in arid environments because of the larger open areas
Characteristics of the genus Australopithecus sp.
-First evidence of fully upright hominin
-Had human hands and teeth
-Brain about 1/3 the size of present day humans
-One meter tall
-Lucy is the fossil example
Characteristics of the genus Homo sp.
-Clear signs of certain derived hominin characters above the neck (shorter jaws and a larger brain volume)
-Fossils commonly found with sophisticated stone tools
Characteristics of H. ergaster/erectus
-Much larger brain than very early Homo sp.
-Shorter fingers, long legs, hip joints all suggesting very limited arboreal tendencies
-Less obvious sexual dimorphism (males are that much bigger than females)
