unit 1 col. Flashcards
(32 cards)
microevolution
small scale, relating changes in a SINGLE gene in a pop overtime
macroevolution
relates to the formation of new species or groups of species. longer period of time – uses the time trees thingy
epigenetics
non genomial change in traits
not mutations
evidence of evolutionary change
3 things
- fossil records
-biogeography - observations of natural and artificial selections
- homologies
– anatomical
– developmental
– molecular
population genetics (what do they want to know + what do they help us understand)
Know:
- why the genes exist
- how’s maintained
- how it changes
Helps us understand how genetic variation is related to phenotypic variation (what ns acts upon)
Polymorphism
two or more variations of a trait within a population
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
A single nucleotide difference in a gene – the most common type of polymorphism
gene pool
all of the alleles for every gene in a population
genotypes
genes/DNA
not the appearance
phenotype
physical appearance
allele frequency
the calculation / formula
number of copies of a specific allele // total # of all alleles for that gene in a population
genotype frequency
formula
of individuals with the genotype // total # of individuals in a population
p
frequency of dominant ALLELES
q
frequency of recessive ALLELES
p^2
% of individuals with homozygous dominant
GENOTYPES
q^2
% of individuals with homozygous recessive
GENOTYPES
Fitness
measure of reproductive success and contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
Directional Selection
ind at one extreme of a range have greater rep. success
ex. antibiotic resistance
Diversifying Selection
favors the survival of 2 or more diff. genotypes
likely to occur in heterozygous environments or when 2 phenotypes have high fitness
Stabilizing Selection
favors the survival of inds with intermediate phenotypes. extreme values of a trait are selected against
balancing selection
two or more alleles are kept in balance and are maintained over many gens. helps maintain genetic diversity
2 common ways:
- het favored
- frequency dependent selection (fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is).
fossil record and its impact in evolutionary theory
showed gradual evolutionary change in species.
Used to see the transition form.
Biogeography and its evolutionary impact
Showed that selection acts independenly with separate lands.
Selective breeding and artifical selection - their impact on the evolutionary theory
as they were made possible due to genetic variation, it suggests proof of evolution/natural selection.
