chap 5- the psychobiological process of memory

Question 1

what is encoding

Answer 1

converting info into a useable form

Question 2

what is storage

Answer 2

retaining info in memory

Question 3

what is retrieval

Answer 3

info recovered from memory when needed

Question 4

what is sensory memory

Answer 4

the entry area of memory where all stimuli from our senses are retained in their original form for a very brief time in memory sub-systems called sensory registers

Question 5

duration of sensory memory

Answer 5

very brief

Question 6

capacity of sensory memory

Answer 6

unlimited

Question 7

what is iconic memory

Answer 7

visual sensory memory. although brief it is long enough for the identification of the stimulus to begin

Question 8

duration of iconic memory

Answer 8

about 0.3 seconds

Question 9

what is echoic memory

Answer 9

auditory sensory memory

Question 10

duration of echoic memory

Answer 10

stores for 3-4 seconds

Question 11

example of echoic memory

Answer 11

when you say “what” but then answer the question before it is repeated

Question 12

what does STM stand for

Answer 12

Short term memory

Question 13

what is short term memory

Answer 13

a memory system that helps store info while you work on it

Question 14

another name for STM

Answer 14

working memory

Question 15

duration of STM

Answer 15

18-20 seconds (max 30 seconds)

Question 16

capacity of STM

Answer 16

5-9 bits of info with an average of 7.

Question 17

how is info in the STM lost

Answer 17

through decay (fading) or displacement (pushed out )

Question 18

what does chunking do?

Answer 18

helps to increase capacity of STM

Question 19

what is chunking

Answer 19

the grouping of bits of info into larger bits or units that can be remembered as single units. it expands STM

Question 20

example of chunking

Answer 20

chunking telephone numbers from the ten individual bits to 3 bits: 0405 879 345

Question 21

how can you increase the duration of STM

Answer 21

rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative)

Question 22

what is rehearsal

Answer 22

the process of doing something so that info can be retained in memory and then retrieved when required.
Can be verbal, non-verbal, mental imagery etc

Question 23

what is maintenance rehearsal

Answer 23

involves simple, role repetition of info being remembered can be retained (in STM)
Going over and over it.

Question 24

what is important in maintenance rehearsal

Answer 24

it needs to be attended to consciously, not just meaningless repetition.

Question 25

what is elaborative rehearsal

Answer 25

involves the process of linking new info in a meaningful way with info already stored in. Long-term memory. More active and more effective. ensures that info is encoded well. includes self-referencing whereas new info is made personal and meaningful to you

Question 26

what types of long term memory are there

Answer 26

implicit and explicit

Question 27

what are implicit memories

Answer 27

(procedural)- memory of how to do something. actions and skills; can be physical or intellectual (knowing how), learned by conditioning and practice.

Question 28

what are the types of explicit memories

Answer 28

declarative, episodice, semantic

Question 29

what are declarative explicit memories

Answer 29

memory of specific facts/ events (knowing that)

Question 30

what are episodic explicit memories

Answer 30

memory of life events, autobiographical (episodes)

Question 31

what are semantic explicit memories

Answer 31

info we have about the word. areas of expertise, academic knowledge, important places, meaning of words, famous people or events etc. facts that don't rely on specific time or place.

Question 32

duration of LTM

Answer 32

potentially forever

Question 33

capacity of LTM

Answer 33

potentially unlimited

Question 34

what does LTM stand for

Answer 34

Long term Memory

Question 35

what is the serial position effect

Answer 35

recall tends to be best for items at the end and the beginning and worst for those in the middle

Question 36

what is the primary effect

Answer 36

superior recall for items at the beginning of a list

Question 37

what is the recency effect

Answer 37

superior recall for items at the end of a list.

Question 38

explanation of the serial position effect

Answer 38

items at the end are still in STM, so remembered well, items at start have been transferred to LTM. middle is too late to be in STM and to early to be in LTM without rehearsal

Question 39

what brain regions encode, store and retrieve explicit memories

Answer 39

hippocampus, amygdala and neocortec\x

Question 40

where is the hippocampus located

Answer 40

deep in the temporal lobe in the allocortex

Question 41

what involvement does the hippocampus have with retrieval of episodic memories

Answer 41

it has two-way communication with the neocortex. binds and consolidates episodic memories in the neocortex

Question 42

what involvement does the amygdala have with memory

Answer 42

it processes emotional info. implicit emotional info is integrated with explicit memories by communicating with the hippocampus

Question 43

where is the amygdala located

Answer 43

in the front of the hippocampus

Question 44

what is the neocortex

Answer 44

outermost surface area of the cerebral cortex

Question 45

how is the neocortex involved in memory

Answer 45

coordinates attention, thought & language during the encoding of memories (prefrontal cortex) Processes sensory info during perception & action, stores semantic & episodic memories. also stores semantic knowledge that as been generalized from episodic memories in semantic hubs allows for imagining perceptual features of words and concepts

Question 46

what are the basal ganglia and cerebellum involved in

Answer 46

encoding, storing, retrieving implicit memories. these regions function independently of the hippocampus

Question 47

how is the basal ganglia involved in memory

Answer 47

coordinates smooth performance of sequence of actions involved in procedural memory

Question 48

what does loss of dopamine producing cells cause

Answer 48

problems with initiating movement and inhibiting unwanted movement, such as the motor symptoms seen in Parkinson's Disease

Question 49

how is the cerebellum involved in memory

Answer 49

coordinates fine motor movements and balance when performing skilled actions. also plays a role in procedural memory of cognitive skills such as reading

Question 50

where is the cerebellum located

Answer 50

in the hindbrain

Question 51

What does ABM stand for

Answer 51

Autobiographical memory

Question 52

What is the ABM

Answer 52

the part of explicit memory that stores knowledge of personally experienced events and self knowledge

Question 53

What does ABM include

Answer 53

episodic and semantic

Question 54

what is episodic autobiographical memory

Answer 54

EAM- the first person experiental component

Question 55

what is semantic autobiographical memory

Answer 55

SAM. self knowledge component. SAM provides an organizing scaffold or structure for EAM's

Question 56

What is mental imagery

Answer 56

perception-like experiences in the absence of relevant sensory input. People who generate vivid mental imagery of objects, people and scenes also experience more vivid first-person EAM during ABM retrieval

Question 57

What is aphantasia

Answer 57

the lifelong absence of voluntary mental imagery. people with aphantasia also report having severely deficient ABM and are unable to imagine themselves in the future.

Question 58

what is alzheimers disease

Answer 58

a progressive an fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes symptoms of dementia, especially explicit memory loss.

Question 59

were does alzheimers usually begin

Answer 59

with damage to the hippocampus, which affects the binding and consolidation of explicit memories.

Question 60

what are the first symptoms of alzheimers

Answer 60

anterograde amnesia for episodic-autobiographical memories and semantic knowledge early symptoms also include difficulty with episodic future thinking and generating voluntary mental imagery

Question 61

what do people usually experience as alzheimers progresses

Answer 61

retrograde amnesia

Question 62

advantages of maintenance rehearsal

Answer 62

allows info to be stored in STM for longer than the usual 18-20 seconds good for remembering meaningless info

Question 63

disadvantages of maintenance rehearsal

Answer 63

easily interuppted by info entering STM from sensory memory of LTM doesnt add to understanding restricts entry of new info into STM limited effectiveness in transferring info from STM to LTM

Question 64

advantages of elaborative rehearsal

Answer 64

increases understanding because it requires deep processing adds more detail, which increases retrieval chances increases the possibility of long-term retention because it organizes new info according to meaning makes info more accessible because it creates more potential retrieval cues

Question 65

limitations of elaborative rehearsal

Answer 65

takes longer than maintenance rehearsal is difficult to practice in situation where info entering STM is rapidly changing relies on the ability to retrieve info previously stored in LTM requires more conscious effort than maintenance rehearsal

Question 66

what are mnemonic devices

Answer 66

methods or strategies for improving the encoding, storage and retrieval of explicit long-term memories

Question 67

what types of mnemonics are there

Answer 67

acrostics, acronyms, method of loci

Question 68

what are acrostics

Answer 68

word association for items to be remembered, construct phrases using first letters of words to be remembered

Question 69

what are acronyms

Answer 69

pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a sequence of words

Question 70

what is the method of loci

Answer 70

uses sequences of locations on a familiar route as cues for memory, when memorising the info, the items of info to be remembered are placed at landmarks along a well-known route so that when retrieving the info, you mentally 'walk' or travel the route and 'pick up' the info at each landmark you pass.

Question 71

definition of songlines

Answer 71

navigational route through country thats connected to a song, story or dance that shares vital knowledge.