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Psychology 3/4 > chap 4- approaches to understand learning > Flashcards

chap 4- approaches to understand learning Flashcards

1
Q

who first described classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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2
Q

what is before conditioning

A

CS is neutral at this stage. UCS caused UCR

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3
Q

what is during conditioning (acquisition)

A

CS (originally neutral) is associated with UCS which leads to UCR

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4
Q

what is after conditioning

A

CR is created which was originally neutral. CS leads to CR. The CR is a response that’s very similar to the UCR

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5
Q

what is important during conditioning

A

CS must be presented before UCS and there must be multiple/repeated pairings

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6
Q

what is learning b

A

a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to the environment

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7
Q

What is the neutral stimulus (NS)

A

the conditioned stimulus before it becomes conditioned, it produces no relevant response

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8
Q

What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

stimulus is neutral at start of conditioning. It wouldn’t normally produce the UCR but does so eventually because of its association with the UCS

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9
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

any stimulus that consistently produced a particular involuntary/reflexive response

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10
Q

What is the unconditioned response (UCR)

A

a response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented

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11
Q

What is the conditioned response (CR)

A

the behaviors which is identical to the UCR but is caused by the CS after conditioning.

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12
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning

A

when UCS is no longer presented along with the CS, eventually CS becomes weaker and weaker, CR stops

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13
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning

A

extinction has occurred. a rest period takes place. when CS is reintroduced the CR again appears. CR is weaker than when first conditioned

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14
Q

what is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning

A

the organism only responded to the CS and no other similar stimuli.

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15
Q

what is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning

A

the organism only responds to the CS and no other similar stimuli

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16
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

a learning process by which the likelihood of a particular behavior occurring is determined by the consequences of that behavior.

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17
Q

during operant conditioning when is behavior strengthened

A

When behavior is followed by a pleasant outcome it makes it more likely to be repeated

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18
Q

during operant conditioning when is behavior weakened

A

when behavior is followed by an unpleasant outcome it makes it less likely to be repeated

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19
Q

what is the theory of operant conditioning

A

behavior operates on the environment and our behavior is instrumental in producing the consequences- rewards/punishments

20
Q

What are the ABC’s of operant conditioning

A

antecedent, behavior, consequence

21
Q

What is the antecedent

A

the conditions that increase the likelihood of a response occurring

22
Q

what is the behaviour

A

the response executed by the learner

23
Q

what is the consequence

A

the reinforcement or punishment delivered

24
Q

What is reinforcement

A

any stimulus that subsequently strengthens or increases the likelihood of the response that is follows

25
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

strengthens response by adding something good

26
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

strengthens response by taking away something bad

27
Q

what is positive punishment

A

the delivery of an unpleasant stimulus following an undesirable response

28
Q

what is negative punishment

A

the removal of a pleasant stimulus following an undesirable response.

29
Q

what factors affect reinforcement

A

order of presentation, timing, appropriateness of reinforcer

30
Q

what is observational learning often called

A

modelling

31
Q

what does observational learning occur

A

when someone uses observation of another persons actions and their consequences to guide their future action

32
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

viewing a model as being reinforced can strengthen behavior in an observer

33
Q

what is vicarious punishment

A

viewing a model as being punished can weaken a behavior in an observer

34
Q

name the elements of observational learning

A

1- attention
2- retention
3- reproduction
4- motivation and reinforcement

35
Q

is there a single aboriginal or torres strait islander approach to learning

A

no

36
Q

what is country to aboriginal or torres strait islander peoples

A

a word that holds many different meanings. but some concepts that are shared: country is alive, timeless, us.

37
Q

what is reciprocity

A

about mutual respect and exchange and keeping balance

38
Q

what is first nations peoples relationships with country grounded in

A

reciprocity

39
Q

what do kinship structures determine

A

who can hold particular knowledges and peoples responsibility to care for country

40
Q

what is dadirri

A

deep listening. the practice of still awareness

41
Q

what is yarning

A

sharing knowledge between people.

42
Q

explain attention in observational learning

A

notice the behaviour of the model

43
Q

explain retention in observational learning

A

form a mental representation of the behaviour

44
Q

explain reproduction in observational learning

A

having the ability to reproduce the modelled response, this may be restricted by physical limitations or belief in the ability to imitate the behaviour

45
Q

explain motivation and reinforcement in observational learning

A

want to initiate the behaviour, usually because there is some reward for doing so

Psychology 3/4 (22 decks)

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