chap 6 (fat)

Question 1

which one between long or short fatty acid chain is more hydrophobic

Answer 1

long

Question 2

fat that are solid at room temperature tend to be more saturated or unsaturated

Answer 2

saturated

Question 3

predominant fats in food and fluid and what is it made off

Answer 3

triglycerides-> 3 FA + 1 glycerol

Question 4

number of carbon in a FA chains are even or odd ? why

Answer 4

even because carbon are add 2 at a time

Question 5

difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 5

sat: no double bound between carbon

Question 6

the cis form allow fatty acid to

Answer 6

bend

Question 7

what does cis and trans mean

Answer 7

cis: group that are on the same side of double bond
trans: group that are on the other side

Question 8

the terminal carbon is referred to as

Answer 8

omega

Question 9

what are the two essential 18-carbon fatty aids that must be consumed in the diet

Answer 9

linoleic (omega 6) and alpha-linolenic (omega 3)

Question 10

name some linoleic

Answer 10

¡ Sunflower oil
¡ Safflower oil
¡ Corn oil
¡ Soy oil
¡ Peanut oil

Question 11

name some alpha-linolenic

Answer 11

¡ Dark green leafy vegetables
¡ Flaxseeds
¡ Soybeans
¡ Walnuts
¡ Canola oil
¡ Seafood

Question 12

function of lipids

Answer 12

¡ Energy
¡ Cushioning
¡ Transport of fat-soluble vitamins
¡ Cell membranes
¡ Precursor for bile
¡ Precursor for hormones
¡ Formation of eicosanoids
¡ Taste and texture of food

Question 13

what is the name of FA that have 20 carbons

Answer 13

eicosanoids

Question 14

role of omega 3 fatty acids in recovery from strenuous exercise

Answer 14

blood vessel dilation, reduce inflammation, reduce blood clotting

Question 15

which lipid can be use as fuel

Answer 15

fatty acid, triglycerides

Question 16

cholesterol is mostly synthesized where

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

The process of fat digestion begins in the _ and continues in the _to a small degree, but digestion of fat occurs predominantly in the _

Answer 17

mouth, stomach, small intestine,

Question 18

undigested fat in the stomach has which effect

Answer 18

• delays emptying of the stomach
• feeling of fullness

Question 19

fat must be exposed to what before crossing the membrane of the intestinal cell and why

Answer 19

biles salt and digestive enzyme because they don’t mix well with water

Question 20

what is an important digestive enzyme help break down large FA to smaller

Answer 20

pancreatic lipase

Question 21

role of lipoprotein + exemple

Answer 21

transport fat throughout the body -> chylomicron

Question 22

which tissue play an important role in fat metabolism

Answer 22

adipose, muscle, liver tissue

Question 23

fat that are digested and absorbed are stored in the body in the form of _ and what are the storages site

Answer 23

triglycerides, adipose tissue, liver, muscle and small degree in the blood

Question 24

fat is metabolized where for energy

Answer 24

in mitochondria

Question 25

Triglycerides stored in adipocytes are broken down into the component parts glycerol and the fatty acid chains -> this catalyze by which hormone

Answer 25

hormone sensitive lipase

Question 26

HSL is inhinbited by

Answer 26

insulin

Question 27

mobilization of stored fat is inhibited _ have been consumed when _is elevated, and it is encouraged during the _ state (the period from approximately 3 to 4 hours _eating until food is eaten again), fasting, starvation, and when stressed.

Answer 27

after meal, insulin, postabsorptative , after

Question 28

HSL is stimulated by

Answer 28

epineprhine, norepinephrine, GH, TSH, cortisol

Question 29

Each acetyl CoA that is derived from a fatty acid chain can be oxidized to eventually form _ ATP

Answer 29

10

Question 30

what is a limiting step of fatty acid metabolized

Answer 30

translocation

Question 31

which cell have an increased capacity to take up and metabolized fat

Answer 31

Cells that have a large number of well- developed mitochondria, such as slow-twitch muscle fibers,

Question 32

athlete with what have an increased ability to metabolized fat

Answer 32

attente with a genetic disposition for a greater number of slow-twitch muscle fiber

Question 33

The normal blood ketone concentration is less than

Answer 33

0.05 mmol/L

Question 34

Ketone production is increased when fatty acid oxidation is _.

Answer 34

accelerated -> during fasting or starvation

Question 35

what is the difference between ketosis and ketoacidosis

Answer 35

ketosis: elevated ketone bodies ketoacidosis: prolonged excess of ketone bodies that overwhelms normal compensatory mechanism (decrease blood pH) -> pH in blood is more acidic than the body tissues

Question 36

healthy individual have a normal ketone bodies of

Answer 36

< 3 mg/dL

Question 37

advantage of fat supply during exercise

Answer 37

¡ Abundant in food supply ¡ Energy dense ¡ Substantial storage in adipose tissue ¡ Produces large amount of ATP

Question 38

désavantage of fat use during exercise

Answer 38

require oxygen, several step so slow process

Question 39

As exercise intensity _ (as a percentage of V ˙ O2max), the percentage of energy provided by fat metabolism _, and the percentage of energy from carbohydrate metabolism _.

Answer 39

increase, decrease, increase

Question 40

what is the recommended fat-burning zone

Answer 40

lower-intensity aerobic exercise -> people burn more fat at lower intensity

Question 41

why does fat oxidation decrease as intensity increase

Answer 41

increase anaerobic energy prod, lactate prevent FFA binding albumin , increase blood flow to muscle

Question 42

T/F Long-term consumption of a diet that is high in fatwill result in a metabolic adaptation to favor fat oxidation at rest and during exercise of certain intensities.

Answer 42

t

Question 42

what are the body adaptation to endurance exercise that allow fat mobilization

Answer 42

- FA mobilized from tissue more easily - increase in capillary network - increase in mitochondrial mass

Question 43

effect of caffein on fat usage

Answer 43

caffeine may enhance free fatty acid mobilization during endurance exercise

Question 44

the benefit of caffeine on fat usage is likely due to

Answer 44

its role as a central nervous system stimulant, resulting in a heightened sense of awareness and a decreased perception of effort

Question 45

The appropriate amount of dietary fat for the athlete will depend on two factors

Answer 45

overall energy (caloric) need and macronutrient balance.

Question 46

total daily fat intake

Answer 46

20-35% total caloric intake -> 1.0 g/kg/bw

Question 47

effect of inadequate fat intake

Answer 47

Inadequate replenishment of intramuscular fat stores ¡ Inability to manufacture sex-related hormones ¡ Decline in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ¡ Inadequate fat-soluble vitamin intakes

Question 48

WAYS TO LOWER DIETARY FAT

Answer 48

¡ Reduce portion size ¡ Prepare foods with less fat ¡ Add less fat to foods ¡ Order carefully at restaurants ¡ Be aware of “hidden fats” ¡ Lower-fat cuts of meat or poultry ¡ Low-fat or nonfat dairy products, and lower-fat versions of high- fat processed foods ¡ Substitute fruits and vegetables for fat-containing snack foods

Question 49

why do people may take medium chain triglyceride (MCTS)

Answer 49

supplies energy, reduce muscle glycogen, breakdown and improve performance

Question 50

carateristic of MCTS

Answer 50

- 8-10C, easily digested, readily absorbed & oxidized rapidly - burned, not store

Question 51

max amount of MCTS tolerable

Answer 51

30g

Question 52

claim of fish oil

Answer 52

increase vo2 max, improve membrane characteristic and function

Question 53

caffein claims

Answer 53

improve performance in high intensity activities lasting 1-20min, delay fatigue,

Question 54

T/F caffein increase fat oxidation

Answer 54

false

Question 55

does of caffein supplement

Answer 55

5-6 mg/kg

Question 56

what do you need to have if you want to increase carnitine

Answer 56

insulin

Question 57

is there a scientific evidence that carnitine supplement alter fat metabolism or improve performance

Answer 57

no

Question 58

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid, one that cannot be manufactured in the body? a. linoleic acid b. palmitic acid c. lactic acid d. pantothenic acid

Answer 58

a

Question 59

Most long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the intestinal mucosal cells in what form? a. monoglycerides b. triglycerides c. chylomicrons d. micelles

Answer 59

c

Question 60

What is the enzyme found on the surface of blood vessels that catalyzes the release of fatty acids so they can be absorbed by fat and muscle tissue?

Answer 60

lipoprotein

Question 61

The human body normally stores approxi- mately how much energy as fat a. 100 kilocalories b. 1,000 kilocalories c. 10,000 kilocalories d. 100,000 kilocalories

Answer 61

d

Question 62

A deficiency of carnitine in the body would result in fat metabolism decreasing for which of the following reasons? a. Triglycerides in fat cells could not be broken down. b. Fatty acids would not be transported properly in the blood. c.  Fatty acids would not be transported properly into mitochondria. d. Beta-oxidation would be reduced.

Answer 62

c

Question 63

When the body is stressed by exercise, fat stored in adipocytes is:

Answer 63

mobilized

Question 64

Which of the following is not true about fat metabolism? a. A person “burns” more fat as a percentage of total energy expenditure at rest. b. As exercise intensity increases, the percentage of energy from fat decreases. c. As exercise intensity increases, the total (absolute) amount of fat used for energy increases, reaches a peak, and then decreases. d. To “burn” more fat in a fixed period of time, a person should exercise at a low, “fat-burning” intensity.

Answer 64

d

Question 65

Which of the following statements about an athlete’s dietary fat intake is true? a. Athletes should always eat less than 30 percent of their caloric intake from fat. b. Athletes should determine carbohydrate and protein needs first, and then determine fat intake needs to maintain energy balance. c. Low-fat diets will ensure a low percentage of body fat. d. As long as carbohydrate and protein needs are met, athletes do not need to pay attention to their fat intake.

Answer 65

b

Question 66

What are the adverse consequences of inad- equate fat intake? a. inadequate fat-soluble vitamin intake b. inability to produce sex-related hormones c. inadequate replacement of intramuscular triglycerides d. all of the above

Answer 66

d

Question 67

The appropriate amount of fat for training and performance depends on:

Answer 67

overall energy need and macronutrients

Question 68

Why would an endurance athlete limit the amount of fat in a precompetition meal? a. contributes to faster dehydration b. delays gastric emptying c. slows the metabolism of carbohydrate d. all of the above

Answer 68

b

Question 69

The mechanism by which caffeine most likely improves endurance performance is that it: a. spares muscle glycogen. b. enhances the release of muscle and liver glycogen. c. increases the oxidation of fatty acids during exercise. d. decreases perception of exertion.

Answer 69

d

Question 70

Why do athletes consume medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as a dietary supplement? a. They are essential fatty acids that cannot be manufactured in the body. b. They add flavor and satiety to meals. c. They are easily and quickly digested and ab- sorbed compared to other fatty acids. d. They reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 70

c