chapitre 3

Question 1

The direct source of energy for force production
by muscle is

Answer 1

ATP

Question 2

T/F: Creatine supplements result in immediate
­ increases in strength, speed, and power.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

T/F: Lactate is a metabolic waste product that causes fatigue.

Answer 3

false, Lactate is an important metabolic product
that can be used by other cells as a source of
energy; the liver can use lactate to make glu-
cose. The accumulation of lactate molecules
does not cause fatigue; one likely cause is the
metabolic acidosis that is associated with high-
intensity ­ exercise when glycolysis is used at a
high rate.

Question 4

At rest and during low levels of physical activity,
what is the preferred source of fuel for the aerobic energy system.

Answer 4

fat

Question 5

ATP to ADP is an _ reaction

Answer 5

exergonic

Question 6

The process of
rephosphorylation of ATP from ADP, therefore, is an_ reaction;

Answer 6

endergonic reaction

Question 7

do energy release from the break of the bond of creatine phosphate is use to power muscle contraction

Answer 7

no, the energy is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP

Question 8

role of creatine phosphate stored in muscle

Answer 8

acts as a readily
accessible reservoir of energy for the re-formation of ATP.

Question 9

where can creatine can be synthesized if it not consumed

Answer 9

liver and kidney

Question 10

what are the characteristic of CPr energy system

Answer 10

Very fast reaction
*One ATP per CrP molecule
*5- to 10-second duration
*Anaerobic
*Fatigue associated with CrP depletion
*Predominant energy system in very high-intensity
exercise, for example, “power” event

Question 11

does CPr required energy to replenish ATP

Answer 11

no

Question 12

why does athlete breath hard for a minute after short-duration, high intensity exercise

Answer 12

Because the body uses the aerobic energy system to restore creatine phosphateit must temporarily
increase oxygen intake and aerobic metabolism to meet
the increased aerobic task of restoring creatine to creatine phosphate

Question 13

depletion of creatine phosphate is associated with

Answer 13

muscle fatigue

Question 14

explain creatine shuttle (see note)

Answer 14

Creatine that remains from chemically splitting cre-
atine phosphate is phosphorylated using energy from ATP pro-
duced aerobically in the mitochondria of the muscle. This process
requires an increase in aerobic metabolism (oxidative phosphory-
lation) and returns creatine phosphate concentrations to normal
within a minute or two.

Question 15

what is the final product of anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 15

lactic acid

Question 16

in glycolysis what happen if PFK increase and what happen if PFK decrease

Answer 16

increase: reaction speed up
decrease: reaction slow down

Question 17

The rate-limiting enzyme for glycolysis is

Answer 17

PFK

Question 18

do glycolysis need oxygen to replenish ATP

Answer 18

no

Question 19

during glycolysis, exercising muscle will preferrer to use stored glycogen or glucose for energy

Answer 19

stored glycogen because the energy yield is higher

Question 20

glycolysis is the preferred system to supply energy during which type of exercise

Answer 20

high-intensity
or repeated exercise lasting approximately
1 to 2 minutes

Question 21

what is a difference between glycolysis and CPr system in the limitation of energy depletion

Answer 21

The body has a considerable amount of carbohydrate energy in the form of blood glucose and
muscle glycogen, so unlike the creatine phosphate system, the anaerobic glycolytic energy system is rarely
limited by depleted energy stores.

Question 22

what does anaerobic glycolysis utilize as it only fuel source

Answer 22

carbs

Question 23

which system become predominant when the CPr system reach its limit

Answer 23

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 24

how many ATP is produced from glucose and glycogen during glycolysis

Answer 24

glucose: 2
glycogen: 3

Question 25

with anaerobic glycolysis, fatigue is associated with what why

Answer 25

decreased pH (metabolic acidosis), because PHK decrease in acidosis environment

Question 26

T/F pyruvate can only be metabolized aerobically

Answer 26

F it can be metabolized anaerobically and aerobically

Question 27

The major advantages of the anaerobic glycolysis energy system are

Answer 27

- fast ATP production, reliance upon a fuel source that is present in large amount, potential usefulness of lactate (by product)

Question 28

The major disadvantage of anareobic glycolysis is the relatively

Answer 28

- short duration due to metabolic acidosis

Question 29

what are the 3 phases of oxidative phosphorylation energy system

Answer 29

1. carbs, fats,protein are prepared to be metabolized aerobically 2. kreb cycle 3. ETC

Question 30

what must transported into mitchodondria for oxidative phosphorylation to proceed

Answer 30

pyruvate

Question 31

what is the major function of kerb cycle in the oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 31

to oxidize, or remove, electrons from the compounds going through the cycle for later use in the electron transport chain

Question 32

how many step is there in the krebs cycle

Answer 32

10

Question 33

what is the rate-liming enzyme for the ETC

Answer 33

COX

Question 34

what is the predominant system at rest and during low to moderate intensity exercise

Answer 34

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 35

how munch ATP is created by oxidative phosphorylation and is it aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 35

30 via glucose, 31 via glycogen aerobic

Question 36

what does transmination and deamination mean

Answer 36

transmination: nitrogen group are being transferred to another compound deamination: nitrogen group are removed completely

Question 37

which one between protein, carbs or fat are the least preferred as a fuel source

Answer 37

protein

Question 38

when does protein can compose a larger percentage of the fuel utilization

Answer 38

Under metabolically stressful conditions, such as starvation or exercise in a glycogen-depleted state but rarely exceed 10% of total energy production

Question 39

as activity increase which fuel source is more dominant

Answer 39

carbs

Question 40

At fairly modest levels of physical activity or exercise, such as walking at a moderate pace, the mixture of fuels is about

Answer 40

50 percent from fats and 50 percent from carbohydrates.

Question 41

The proportion of energy coming from carbohydrates and fats can be estimated accurately by use of the

Answer 41

RER

Question 42

what is RER

Answer 42

a ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced to the amount of oxygen consumed RER= VCO2/VO2

Question 43

RER = _ if only carb is being metabolized for energy

Answer 43

1.0

Question 44

The fed (absorptive) state refers to the _ hour period after food is eaten

Answer 44

3-4 h

Question 45

The process of resynthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is called

Answer 45

rephosphorylation

Question 46

which of the following is a true statement regarding creatine supplementation? a. It has been shown to be beneficial for both strength and endurance athletes. b. It has a direct effect on improving strength, speed, and power for strength athletes. c. It causes dehydration and muscle cramping in strength athletes. d. It allows strength and power athletes to sustain high-intensity training.

Answer 46

d

Question 47

The preferred energy source by exercising muscle for the process of anaerobic glycolysis is: a. glucose. b. glycogen. c. glycerol. d. creatine.

Answer 47

b

Question 48

Which of the following is true about lactate? a. It is a waste product that “poisons” muscle and other tissues. b. It is produced by muscle only during high- intensity exercise. c. There is no lactate in blood at rest. d. It is metabolized easily by other highly aerobic tissues in the body for energy.

Answer 48

d

Question 49

Aerobic production of ATP can occur: a. in the mitochondria in a process called glycolysis. b. in the mitochondria in a process called oxidative phosphorylation c. in the mitochondria in a process called the Cori cycle. d. in the cytoplasm/sarcoplasm of the muscle cell in a process called glycolysis.

Answer 49

b

Question 50

How does the amount of ATP produced from the breakdown of one molecule of carbohy- drate compare to the breakdown of one molecule of a fatty acid?

Answer 50

the amount produced is about the same

Question 51

T/F the 3 systems are active at all time

Answer 51

T however, one may be the predominant system, depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise activity. What energy system is likely to be

Question 52

explain how CPr is activate

Answer 52

ATP concentrations in a muscle cell start to decline, the drop in ATP and the concomitant rise in ADP in the cell result in an increase in the activity of CK, allowing the reaction to proceed even faster.

Question 53

ratio of ATP energy produced by CPr

Answer 53

1:1 -> 1 ADP produce 1 ATP

Question 54

when does CPr will need oxygen

Answer 54

the recovery of CrP from creatine depends on aerobic metabolism in the cell, in a process referred to as the Creatine Shuttle

Question 55

how can an athlete delay the effect of acidity by the anaerobic glycolysis system

Answer 55

by consuming bicarbonate

Question 56

give example of activity where glycolysis is active

Answer 56

- Long sprints such as the 400-meter sprint in track - Repeated high-intensity sprints such as the intermittent sprints by a soccer or basketball player - Repeated high-force activities such as 10 to 15 repetitions of weight lifting - Regular, repeated intervals such as 50- to 100-­ meter swimming intervals

Question 57

explain the concept of lactate threshold

Answer 57

At a certain point of exercise intensity, however, the production of lactate exceeds its rate of removal, and the lactate concentration continually climbs. this is where muscle fatigue occurs

Question 58

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is a way of determining the body’s ­ metabolism of:a. creatine phosphate and ATP. b. amino acids. c. carbohydrate and fat. d. lactate.

Answer 58

c

Question 59

if value of RER is closer to 1.0 what does it means

Answer 59

carbs is more metabolized for energy

Question 61

if value RER= 0.7 or lower what does it indicate

Answer 61

fat is being oxidized for energy because fat contained more carbon than oxygen so for complete oxidation of fat, it requires significant more energy to be consumed

Question 62

how munch supplementation of creatine is neccesaire

Answer 62

3-5g/day with carb intake to enhance uptake