Chap 6 Key Terms Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

acquisition

A

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

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2
Q

associative learning

A

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

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3
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

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4
Q

conditioned response

A

the response caused by the conditioned stimulus

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5
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

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7
Q

extinction

A

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

A

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

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9
Q

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

A

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

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10
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

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11
Q

instinct

A

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

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12
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

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13
Q

law of effect

A

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

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14
Q

learning

A

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

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15
Q

negative punishment

A

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

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16
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

17
Q

neutral stimulus

A

the stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

18
Q

observational learning

A

type of learning that occurs by watching others

19
Q

operant conditioning

A

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

20
Q

partial reinforcement

A

rewarding behavior only some of the time

21
Q

positive punishment

A

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

22
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

23
Q

primary reinforcer

A

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

24
Q

punishment

A

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

25
radical behaviorism
staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations
26
reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
27
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
28
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
29
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
30
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
31
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
32
unconditioned response
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
33
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
34
variable interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
35
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
36
vicarious punishment
a process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior
37
vicarious reinforcement
a process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior