chap 6 retakes

Question 1

Operant conditioning, classical conditioning, latent learning, and observational learning all

Answer 1

result primarily from environmental influences

Question 2

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

Answer 2

associative

Question 3

The researcher best known for studies that explored classical conditioning

Answer 3

physiologist Ivan Pavlov

Question 4

In contrast to classical and operant ___________________, in which learning occurs only through direct experience, ___________________learning is the process of watching others and then imitating what they do.

Answer 4

conditioning; observational

Question 5

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Answer 5

Operant conditioning

Question 6

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

Answer 6

instincts

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of reflex?

Answer 7

a baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Question 8

In Pavlov’s research, the term “conditioned” is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

Answer 8

learned

Question 9

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Answer 9

learning

Question 10

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

Answer 10

associative learning

Question 11

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):

Answer 11

UR

Question 12

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin’s new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Answer 12

spontaneous recovery

Question 13

The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism’s ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective in psychology.

Answer 13

cognitive

Question 14

Extinction as shown on the graph is best exemplified in Pavlov’s research by

Answer 14

a decline in salivation after just using a bell tone without food

Question 15

In the graph shown here, CR refers to

Answer 15

a learned response

Question 16

The learning curve shown here illustrates

Answer 16

classical conditioning

Question 17

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus

Answer 17

is initially neutral, and then comes to trigger a response.

Question 18

A good example of a therapeutic application for classical conditioning would be

Answer 18

pairing an aversive stimulus with a drug for someone recovering from drug addiction

Question 19

Operant conditioning, habituation and sensitization are all examples of learning because they involve

Answer 19

acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience.

Question 20

A good example of stimulus generalization would be

Answer 20

responding with fear to a white stuffed rabbit after being conditioned to fear a live white rabbit

Question 21

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner’s work with “little Albert”?

Answer 21

It would be unethical by today’s research standards.

Question 22

A disadvantage of primary reinforcers that can be avoided by using secondary reinforcers:

Answer 22

satiation

Question 23

The work of Thorndike on the Law of Effect best reflected the ______________ school of psychological thought.

Answer 23

behaviorist

Question 24

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

Answer 24

latent

Question 25

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:

Answer 25

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

Question 26

A token used in exchange for a food item is an example of

Answer 26

a secondary reinforcer

Question 27

Negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

Answer 27

decreases; increases

Question 28

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Answer 28

continuous

Question 29

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Answer 29

fixed-ratio

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Answer 30

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Question 31

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a

Answer 31

high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently.

Question 32

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

Answer 32

generalization

Question 33

After observing his sibling walk across a balance beam, Joe’s brain reacts in a way that will enable him to imitate the action later. Which part of his brain may be responsible for this?

Answer 33

Mirror Neurons

Question 34

The violence-viewing effect

Answer 34

includes desensitization to and imitation of aggression

Question 35

The Bobo doll experiment was devised by which researcher?

Answer 35

Bandura

Question 36

If you would like your children to learn prosocial behavior

Answer 36

All of the above

Question 37

The famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated

Answer 37

vicarious reinforcement

Question 38

Vandalism, theft, and arson are all examples of

Answer 38

antisocial behaviors

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Answer 39

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

Question 40

Unlike operant conditioning and classical conditioning, observational learning

Answer 40

is not primarily about learning associations between different events.