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Microbiology > Chap 7 Micro Nutrition and Growth > Flashcards

Chap 7 Micro Nutrition and Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

carbon,hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen, phosphorus(phosphate), and sulfur
-CHONPS

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2
Q

Two categories of essential nutrients

A

-Macronutrients
-Micronutrients

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3
Q

Macronutrients

A

-Required in large quantities
-Play role in cell structure and metabolism
-Examples: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

Micronutrients/trace elements

A

-Used in smaller amounts
-Involved in enzyme function and protein structure
-Examples: maganese, sinc and nickel

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5
Q

inorganic nutrient

A

-An atom or simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
-Metal, salts, gases and water

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6
Q

Organic nutrient

A

-Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
-Usually the product of living beings

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7
Q

heterotrophs

A

-Organism that must obtain it’s nutrients from an organic form (living thing)

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8
Q

Autotroph

A

-Self feeder
-uses inorganic CO2 as it’s carbon source
-converts CO2 into organic compounds

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9
Q

Nitrogen sources

A

-Nitrogen gas makes up 79% of the Earth atmosphere
-DNA, RNA, ATP are the primary Nitrogen source for heterotrophs

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10
Q

Oxygen sources

A

-Free gaseous oxygen (O2) makes up 20% of the atmosphere

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11
Q

Hydrogen sources

A

-Hydrogen is a major element in all organic and several inorganic compounds
-Critical for maintaining pH, forming hydrogen bonds, and source of free energy in oxidation reduction reactions in respiration

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12
Q

Phosphorus/Phosphate sources

A

-Main inorganic source of phosphorus is phosphate found in rocks and oceanic mineral deposits
-Key component of nucleic acids and therefore essential to the genetics of cells and viruses

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13
Q

Sulfer sources

A

-Distributed through the environment in mineral form
-Essential component of some vitamins and amino acids methionine and cysteine

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14
Q

Phototrophs

A

-Microbes that gain energy from sunlight or visible light rays (photosynthesize)

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15
Q

Chemotrophs

A

-Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

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16
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

-Photosynthetic autotrophs that capture energy of light rays and transform it into chemical energy that can be used in cell metabolism

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17
Q

The two types of Chemoautotrophs

A

-Chemoorganic autotrophs and chemolithoautotrophs

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18
Q

Chemoorganic autotrophs

A

-Use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source

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19
Q

Chemolithoautotrophs

A

-Require neither sunlight nor organic nutrients.
-Rely on inorganic materials
-Remove electrons from inorganic substrates and combines them with carbon dioxide and hydrogen

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20
Q

Methanogens

A

-A type of chemoorganic autotroph (Archaea) which produces methane (CH4) from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide

4H2 + CO2 –> CH4 + H2O

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21
Q

Chemoheterotrophs/ what are the two types

A

-Derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds
-Saprobes
-Parasites

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22
Q

aerobic respiration

A

-process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food.

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23
Q

Saprobes

A

-Free-living microbe that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms

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24
Q

Parasite

A

-Feed on cells or tissues of a living host

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25
Diffusion
-Molecular movement of atoms or molecules moving in a gradient from an area of higher density or concentration to an area of lower density or concentration -Higher to lower!
26
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
27
Isotonic
-External environment equal in solute concentration to the cells internal environment
28
Hypotonic
-Hypo means less -External solute concentration is lower than the cells internal concentration -Osmosis direction moves INTO the cell
29
Hypertonic
-Hyper means more -External solute concentration higher than inside the cell -Osmosis direction moves out of the cell
30
Passive/ simple diffusion
-Movement of particles from high to low concentration without a protein
31
Active transport
-Uses energy -Transports nutrients against diffution gradient or same direction but faster than diffusion alone -Specific membrane proteins(permeases and pumps) -Specialized pumps carry ions (K+, Na+ and H+) across membrane
32
Facilitated diffusion
-No energy used. -Molecule binds to specific receptor in the direction of higher to lower concentration
33
Carrier mediated transport
-Active transport -Atoms or molecules pumped into or out of cell by receptors -Driven by ATP
34
Group translocation
-Active transport -Uses ATP -Molecule moved across membrane and converted to useful substance
35
Endocytosis
-Active transport -Uses ATP -Transport of large particles, cells and liquids by engulfment and vesicle formation
36
Phagocytosis
-A type of endocytosis that moves solids into cells
37
Pinocytosis
-A type of endocytosis that moves liquids into cell
38
Environmental factors that influence microbes
-Heat - cold - gases -acid -radiation -osmotic pressure - hydrostatic pressure and - other microbes
39
Range of temps for the growth of a given microbial species
-Minimum temp -Maximum temp -Optimum temp
40
Psychrophiles
-Organisms that have an optimum temp of 15C (59F) -Growth at 0C (32F) -Can not grow above 20C (68F) Psychrotolerant optimum temps 15-30C (59-86F
41
Mesophiles
-Majority of medically significant organisms -Individual species can grow 10-50C ( 50-122F) -Optimum growth 20-40C (68-104F) -Most human pathogens 30-40 C
42
Thermoduric microbes / Mesophile
-Microbes survive short exposure to high temps -Common contaminants of heated or pasteurized foods
43
Thermophiles
-Grow optimally at temps above 45C (113F) -Live in soil and water associated with volcanic activity, compost piles, habitats exposed to sun -General range of growth: 45C-80C (113-176F) -Extreame thermophiles grow: 80C-121C
44
Microbes fall into one of the three categories in how it uses oxygen
-Use oxygen and can detoxify it -Can neither use oxygen nor detoxify it -Do not use oxygen but can detoxify it
45
Aerobe (aerobic organism)
-Can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism -Possesses enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products
46
Obligate aerobic organism
-Cannot grow without oxygen
47
Facultative anaerobe
-Does not require oxygen for its metabolism -Capable of growth in absence of oxygen -Metabolizes by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present -Adopts anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) when oxygen is absent
48
Anaerobe (anaerobic organism)
-Lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen in respiration
49
Obligate anaerobes
-cannot tolerate free oxygen and will die in its presence Live in highly reduced habitats such as deep muds, lakes, oceans, and soil
50
pH
-the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution -Expressed on a scale from 0 to 14 -Pure water is neutral at pH 7.0 -pH value decreases toward 0, acidity increases -pH value increases toward 14, alkalinity increases
51
obligate acidophiles
-Require an acidic environment for growth -Molds and yeasts tolerate acid and are common spoilage agents of pickled foods
52
Alkalinophiles
-Live in hot pools and soils that contain high levels of basic minerals -Bacteria that decompose urine create alkaline conditions
53
Osmophiles
-Live in habitats with high solute concentration
54
Halophiles (Obligate Halophiles)
-Require high concentrations of salt for growth (9 to 25% NaCl) -Have significant modifications to their cell walls and membranes and will lyse in hypotonic habitats
55
Facultative halophiles
-Resistant to salt, even though they do not normally reside in high-salt environments
56
Barophiles
-Deep sea microbes that exist in pressures up to 1000 times atmospheric pressure -strictly adapted to high pressures that they rupture when exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
57
Protective measures phototrophs and other microbes can use to protect against radiation/light
-Yellow carotenoid pigments absorb and dismantle toxic oxygen -Some microbes use enzymes to overcome the damaging effects of UV radiation on DNA
58
Symbiotic and its types
-Organisms live in close nutritional relationships *Mutualism: both members benefit *Commensalism: one benefits, other is not harmed *Parasite is dependent and host is harmed
59
Nonsymbiotic and it's types
-Organisms are free living; relationships not required for survival *Synergism: Members cooperate and share nutrients *Antagonism: Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others
60
Biofilms: epitome of synergy
-mixed communities of different kinds of bacteria and other microbes: -“Pioneer” colonizer initially attaches to a surface -Other microbes attach to the pioneer or to the polymeric or the polymeric sugar and protein substance secreted by the pioneer -Monitors growth w/ Quorum sensing
61
Quorum sensing
-cells are stimulated to release chemicals as the population grows to monitor its size
62
Binary fission
-How bacterial cells grow and reproduce -Parent cell enlarges -Chromosomes are duplicated -Cell envelope pulls together in the center of the cell to form a septum -Cell divides into two daughter cells
63
Generation/ doubling time
-The time required for a complete fission cycle -Each new fission cycle doubles the population -As long as the environment remains favorable, the doubling effect can continue at a constant rate -The length of the generation time is a measure of the growth rate of an organism
64
The growth curve of bacteria
-Lag phase -Exponential growth -Stationary phase -Death phase
65
Lag phase in growth curve
-Flat period on the graph when the population appears to not be growing or is growing slower than the exponential rate
66
Exponential phase (logarithmic or log)
-Period where the curve increases dramatically -Phase will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and favorable enviroment
67
Stationary growth period
-Population enters survival modes and slows or stops growing.
68
Death phase in growth curve
-Decline in growth rate caused by depleted nutrients and oxygen.
69
Turbidometry
-A tube of clear nutrient solution becomes cloudy or turbid as microbes grow in it -The greater the turbidity, the larger the population size (Lower percentage of light) -Cells in a sample are counted microscopically -Utilizes a cytometer calibrated to accept a tiny sample spread over a premeasured grid
70
Practical importance of growth curve
-Antimicrobial agents rapidly accelerate the death phase -Microbes in the exponential phase are more vulnerable to these agents than those in the stationary phase -Actively growing cells are more vulnerable to conditions that disrupt cell metabolism and binary fission -Growth patterns can correspond with the stages of infection: -Bacterial shedding during the early and middle stages of infection is more likely to spread it to others
71
Coulter counter
-Electronically scans a culture as it passes through a tiny pipette -Each cell is detected and registered on an electronic sensor
72
Flow cytometer
-Similar to a Coulter counter -Can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells
73
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
-Quantifies bacteria and other microorganisms in environmental and tissue samples without isolating and culturing them
74
Tests that measure ATP
-Used in food and pharmaceutical industries -May be used for rapid quantification of microbes in other environmental samples

Microbiology (10 decks)

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