Chapter 5 Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

Eukaryotic appendages (motility)

Answer 1

-Flagella *10x thicker than bacterial flagella and more complex
*Long, sheathed cylinder w/ regularly spaced hollow microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
-Cilia *shorter and more numerous, up to several thousand
* Found only in a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells
* Function as feeding and filtering as well as movement

Question 2

Eukaryotic External Boundary layers

Answer 2

-Glycocalyx: *Composed of polysacharides
* Outermost boundary
*Forms a slime layer or capsule

-Cell wall: *Found in Fungi and algae
*Rigid and provides structure
*Different chemically than bacterial cell walls ( chitin or cellulose in fungi)

Question 3

Cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 3

-Bi-layer of phospholipids embedded with protein molecules
-Contains sterols to stabalize
-Selectively permeable layers
-Transports nutrients in and wastes out

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

-Most prominent organelle
-Seperated from cytoplasm by nuclear envolope
-Necleolus *Stains intensly due to its RNA content
* Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

Question 5

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

-Microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and storage

-Rough ER
*Ribosomes attached to surface
*Proteins held for packaging and transport

-Smooth ER
*Does not contain ribosomes
*Synthesis and storage of non protein molecules

Question 6

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 6

-Stack of flattened disc shaped sacs closley connected to the ER
-ER forms transitional vesicles that are picked up by Golgi
-Golgi adds polysacharides and lipids to the proteins in the transitional vesicles and pinches off condensing vesicles
-Site of protein modification and transport
-Conveyed to Lysosomes or transported as secretory vesicles

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

-Cellular vesicles
-Originates from Golgi apparatus and contains variety of enzymes
-Storage
-Hold enzymes for digestion of food and protection against invading microorganisms

Question 8

Vacuoles

Answer 8

-Cellular vesicles
-Membrane bound sacs
-All purpose storage system

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

-Supply bulk of cell
-Divide independently of the cell
-Contain circular strands of DNA
-Bacteria sized ribosomes 70S

Question 10

Mitochondria structure

Answer 10

-Cristae
*Folds on the membrane that hold enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
-Matrix
*holds ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes and other compounds used in digestion

Question 11

Location of Ribosomes in Eukaryotic cells

Answer 11

-Scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
-Attached to RER
-Inside mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 12

Size of Eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 12

-80S
*Combo of 60s and 40S subunits

Question 13

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 13

-Anchoring organelles
-Moving RNA and vesicles
-Permitting changes and movement

Question 14

Three main types of cytoskeletal elements

Answer 14

-Actin filaments
*Determine shape of cells surface and vital for locomotion
- Intermediate filaments
*Provide strength and resistance to stress
-Microtubules
*Direct intracellular transport

Question 15

Macroscopic fungus

Answer 15

mushrooms, puggballs and gill fungi

Question 16

Microscopic fungi

Answer 16

-Yeasts
-Molds

Question 17

Morphology of microscopic fungus

Answer 17

-Yeast cells grow round to oval shape and use asexual reproduction

-Hyphae are long threadlike cells on fungus or molds

-Psedohypha: chain of yeast during budding/reproduction

-Dimorphic fungi take either form depending on conditions or temp

Question 18

Heterotrophic

Answer 18

-All fungi
-Acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates

Question 19

Saphrobes

Answer 19

Obtain substrates from dead plants and animals

Question 20

Parasites

Answer 20

-Live on bodies of living animals or plants

Question 21

Reproduction strategies of fungi

Answer 21

-Primary mode is SPORE formation
-Outward growth of existing hyphae
-Fragmentation- separated piece can generate whole new colony

Question 22

Sporangiospores

Answer 22

-Asexual spore formation of fungi
-enclosed in a sac like head and release when head ruptures

Question 23

Conidiospores

Answer 23

-Asexual spore formation of fungi
-not enclosed and pinch off tip of a fertile hypha

Question 24

Three types of fungal infections are acquired by

Answer 24

-Community acquired infections caused by environmental pathogens
-Hospital associated infections caused by fungal pathogens in clinical settings
-Opportunistic infections caused by pathogens infecting already weakened individuals

Question 25

Benefits of fungi

Answer 25

-Decomp of matter and returning nutrients to the soil -association w/ plant roots that increase water and nutrient absorption -Food flavoring -Alcohol, beer, wine, and gas that cause bread to rise

Question 26

Protists

Answer 26

-Eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues (Algae and protozoa traditionally combined into Kingdom Protista)

Question 27

Algae

Answer 27

-Group of photosynthetic protists -Widespread inhabitants of fresh and Marine water

Question 28

Primary medical threat of algae

Answer 28

-Ingestion of toxins during a red tide

Question 29

Plankton

Answer 29

-Type of Algae -Floating community of microscopic organisms -Essential role in aquatic food web -Produce most of earths oxygen

Question 30

Protozoa

Answer 30

-Single cells containing all eukaryotic organelles EXCEPT chloroplasts -Heterotrophic (require food in organic form) -Organelles can be compared to mouths,digestive systems, reproductive tracts and legs -about 65,000 species (most are harmless)

Question 31

Free living protozoa

Answer 31

-Scavenge dead plants or animal debris -Graze on live cells of bacteria and algae

Question 32

Parasitic protozoa

Answer 32

-Live on fluids of host (plasma and digestive juices) -May feed on tissues

Question 33

Protozoa locomotion

Answer 33

-Pseudopods (false feet and feeding structures) -Flagella (one to several) -Cillia (over entire surface of cell)

Question 34

Trophozoite

Answer 34

-Motile feeding stage of a protozoa -Requires ample food and moisture to stay active

Question 35

Cyst

Answer 35

-Dormant resting stage of a protozoa -formed when lack of food or harsh environment -Important factor for spreading disease

Question 36

Classification of Protozoa based on how they move

Answer 36

-Flagella (form cysts and are free living) -Amoeboid motion ( psudopods, freeliving and not infections) -Cilia (Most develope cysyts and are free living and harmless) -No motility Sporozoa (complex life cycles and all are parasitic)

Question 37

Protozoan identification and cultivation

Answer 37

-Smeared on a slide w/ or w/out staining -Identification (size, shape, type, number,presence of special organelles or cysts and number of nuclei)

Question 38

Helminths

Answer 38

-Worms large enough to be seen by naked eye (1mm -25m in length)

Question 39

Two major groups of parasitic helminths

Answer 39

-Flatworms *tape worms and flukes -Round worms *Pin worms

Question 40

Worm morphology

Answer 40

-reproductive tract is most developed - primitive digestive, excretory, nervous and muscular systems -thick cuticles for protection -mouth glands for breaking don tissue