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Microbiology > Chapter 4 Bacteria + Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Bacteria + Archaea Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Packaging of DNA in Bacteria and Archea

A

Nuclear material that is free in cytoplasm

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2
Q

Bacteria + Archaea Internal Structure

A

have no membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

Bacteria cell appendages

A

Flagella, Pilus, Nanowires and Fimbriae

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4
Q

Bacteria Cell Surface Layers

A

S layer and Glycocalyx

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5
Q

Bacterial cell boundary

A

Cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane

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6
Q

Bacterial cell internal properties

A

cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusions, nucleoid/chromosome, cytoskeleton, endospore, plasmid, Microcompartments

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7
Q

Nanowires/nanotubes

A

Membrane extensions that allow bacteria to transmit electrons or nutrients to other bacteria or onto environmental surfaces

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8
Q

Endospore formation

A

-triggered by lack of nutrients
-usually Gram-positive bacteria
-enables bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods
-bacterium divides within its cell wall

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9
Q

Bacteria carry out all life activities which are?

A

-Reproduction
-Metabolism
-Nutrient processing

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10
Q

bacteria acting as a group

A

-Colonies
-Biofilm

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11
Q

Bacterial shapes

A

-Coccus (round)
-Coccobacillus (round rod)
-Bacillus (rod)
- Vibrio (Curved)
-Spirillum (spiral)
-Spirochete (tight spiral)

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12
Q

Pleomorphism

A

-Variations in size and shape among cells of a single species

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13
Q

Cocci Grouping

A

-Coccus (single sphere)
-Diplococci (pairs)
-Tetrad (groups of four)
- Staphylococci (irregular clusters)
- Streptococci (chains)
- Sarcina (cubical packet of 8, 16 or more)

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14
Q

Bacilli Arrangements

A

-Bacillus (single)
- Diplobacilli (Pairs of cells w/ ends attached)
-Streptobacilli (chains of cells)
-Palisades (side by side row of cells)

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15
Q

Bacterial Appendages for motility

A

-Flagella: rotates 360 degrees
-Axial filaments

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16
Q

Bacterial appendages for attachment or channel formation

A

PIlus/pili
Fimbria/fimbriae
nanowires

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17
Q

Three distinct parts of flagella

A

-Filament :composed of protein inserted into hook
-Hook: curved and tubular, attached to basal body
-Basal body: composed a rod and rings anchored through the cell wall to the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane.

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18
Q

Flagellar arrangement

A

-Polar: Monotrichous, Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous
-Peritrichous

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19
Q

Monotrichous Flagella

A

Single flagellum

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20
Q

Lophotrichous flagella

A

Small bunches or tufts of flagella

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21
Q

Amphitrichous flagella

A

Flagella at both poles of the cell

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22
Q

Peritrichous flagella

A

Dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

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23
Q

Run and Tumbles

A

Run: counterclockwise movement of flagellum in a straight line
Tumble: reverses direction causing cell to stop and change course

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24
Q

Positive Chemotaxis

A

Movement of a cell toward a favorable chemicle stimulus

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25
Negative Chemotaxis
Movement of a cell away from repellent or harmful compound
26
Phototaxis
Movement toward light
27
Axial filament
-Motility appendage for spirochetes -They are internal flagellum enclosed between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane -Twisting or flexing movement
28
pili/pilus
-Mostly found in Gram neg bacteria -Used in Conjugation (partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another -production of Pilus is controlled genetically
29
Fimbriae
-Bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of some bacteria -Tendency to stick to each other and surfaces -Responsible for biofilms (E. Coli)
30
S layer on a bacteria
-Thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like armor. -Provides protection from environment -Only produced in hostile enviroments
31
Glycocalyx (key to biofilms)
Repeating polysaccharide units that may or may not include protein -Aids in protection and adhesion -Forms a slime layer or capsule
32
Slime layer
-Forms loosely around cell -Protect cell from loss of water and nutrients.
33
Capsule
-More tightly bound to cell than a slime layer -Denser and thicker than slime layer -Protects pathogenic bacteria against phagocytic white blood cells
34
Phagocytes
White blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign cells
35
Biofilm
an assemblage of surface-associated microbial cells that is enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix
36
The cell envelope
-Made of peptidoglycan -Provides strong structural support -Cell wall -Cytoplasmic membrane -Outer membrane (Gram negative)
37
Gram Positive Cell Envelope
-Thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (20 to 80 nm thick) -Contains teichoic and lipteichoic acid -Inner cytoplasmic membrane
38
Gram Negative cell envelope
-Outer membrane: more rigid -Thin cell wall: greater sensitivity to lysis, single thin sheet of peptidoglycan 1-3 nm thick -Inner cytoplasmic membrane
39
Acid-fast bacteria
-Bulk of cell wall of Myocobacterium (waxy lipds) -Contributes to pathogenicity of these organisms -resistant to certain chemicals and dyes
40
Acid fast stain commonly used to diagnose
tuberculosis and leprosy
41
Mycoplasmas
-Lack a cell wall -Membrane stabalized by sterols and resistant to lysis -Pleomorphic shape
42
Cytoplasmic membrane structure
-5-10 nm flexible sheet molded around the cytoplasm -Phospholipid bilayer embedded w/ proteins -Contain sterols
43
Cytoplasmic membrane functions
-Energy reactions -Nutrient processing -Synthesis -Regulate transport of nutrients and wastes in and out of cell
44
Outer membrane (Gram Neg)
-Outer phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins and polysaccharides -Lipopolysaccharides (Contains endotoxins stimulates fever and shock reactions) -Lipoproteins ( anchors outermembrane to peptidoglycan) -Porin proteins (allows small molecules in, block entrance and act as defense against antibiotics)
45
Bacterial Chromosome
-Single circular strand of DNA -Aggregated in a dense area called nucleoid -DNA Tightly coiled around basic protein molecules to fit cell compartment
46
Plasmid
-Nonessential pieces of DNA -Double stranded circles of DNA -Duplicated and passed on to offspring during replication -Confer protective traits -Important agent in genetic engineering
47
Ribosomes
-Made of RNA and protein -Is the site of protein synthesis -Dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, often found in chains -Size is measured in Svedburg (S) units
48
Size of Bacterial ribosomes
70S units (Svedburg)
49
Size of Eukaryotic ribosomes
80S units (Svedburg)
50
Inclusion bodies
-Storage site for nutrients during periods of abundance -Bacteria take from stocks during low periods of nutrition
51
The Cytoskeleton
-Arranged around the cell just under the cytoplasmic membrane -Contributes to cell shape -Potential target for antibiotic development
52
Bacterial endospores
-Spore formation indused by environmental conditions (depletion of nutrients, carbon, nitrogen) -Withstands hostile environments -Inert, resting position
53
Bacterial two phase life cycle
-Vegetative cell : metabolically active -Endospore: Resting
54
Diseases related to spore persistence
-Bacillus anthracis: anthrax -Clostridium tetani : tetanus (lockjaw) - C. botulinum: botulism -C. difficile: colitis
55
Bacteria and archea similarities
-Unicellular, no defined nucleus, asexual reproduction
56
Bacteria and Archaea differences
Cell wall structure, cell membrane structure, enzymes, generation genetic material
57
The Archaea
58
Bergey's Manual of Systmic Bacteriology
-Comprehensive view of bacterial and archaea relatedness -Combines phenotypic information with rRNA sequensing for classification
59
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
-Based on phenotypic characteristics only -Used by microbiologists who need to identify bacteria but not know their evolutionary background -Useful for students of medical microbiology
60
(Taxonomic scheme) 4 Major divisions of bacteria and archaea
-Gracilicutes: gram-neg cell walls, thin skinned -Firmicutes: gram-pos cell walls, thick skinned -Tenericutes: lack cell wall, soft -Mendosicutes: archaea
61
Divisions in the Diagnostic scheme
-Gram pos -Gram- neg -Bacteria without a cell
62
Sub groups of the Diagnostic scheme
-Cell shape -Arrangement -Oxygen use *Aerobic (use oxygen in metabolism) *Anaerobic (don't use oxygen in metabolism *Facultative (may or may not use oxygen)
63
Staphylococcus
-Gram Positive -Cocci in clusters or packets -causes boils and skin infections
64
Streptococcus
-Gram Positive -Cocci in pairs or chains -Causes strep throat, dental caries
65
Bacillus
-Gram positive -Endospore forming rods -Anthrax
66
Clostridium
-Gram positive -Endospore forming rods -Tetanus -Gas gangrene botulism
67
Mycobacterium
-Gram positive -Tuberculosis -Leprosy
68
Neisseria
-Gram Negative -Aerobic cocci -gonorrhea -meningitis
69
Escherichia
-Gram neg -faculative or anarobic rods and vibrios -E coli
70
Salmonella
-Gram neg -facultative or anaerobic rods and vibrios -typhoid fever
71
Treponema
-Gram neg -anaerobic rods -syphilis
72

Microbiology (10 decks)

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