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Chap 9 Flashcards

Leukocytes

1
Q

Myelopoiesis

A

the production and development of myeloid cells in the BM.

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2
Q

What is myelopoiesis also known as?

A

Granulocytopoiesis

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3
Q

What is the meaning of Granulocytopoiesis?

A

Presence of granules in the plasm of cells.

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4
Q

What are the functions of mature leukocytes?

A

Protect the host from infectious agents or pathogens.

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5
Q

What are 3 lines of granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils (EOS), Basophils(BASOS), Segmented Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs).

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6
Q

What cell lines are mononuclear?

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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7
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

The production of leukocytes.

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8
Q

What are the 3 cytokines that regulate neutrophil production?

A

Interleukin-3
GM-CSF
G-CSF

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9
Q

Granulocytes maturation changes?

A

Nucleoli disappear
Chromatin Condenses
Nuclear mass indents and segments
Plasm becomes granular & pinkens

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10
Q

Neutrophil granules consist of primary, 2nd, and teritary granules. Their contents are enzymes involved in?

A

Killing and digesting bacteria and fungi.

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11
Q

Neutrophil 1st stage

A

Myeloblast

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12
Q

Myeloblast characteristics are:

A

*15-20um
*Round to oval 2-5 Nucleoli, Fine
Chromatin
*Moderate baso plasm, Granules
absent but up to 20.
*NCR- 4:1
*0-3% of NCs in BM

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13
Q

After myeloblast, the next maturation stage is?

A

Promyelocyte

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14
Q

Promyelocyte characteristics are?

A

16-25um
Round to Oval, 1-3 nucleoli, fine chromatin, Perinuclear Halo (HoF)
Basophilic Plasm, Primary Grans, No 2nd grans.
NCR-3:1
1-5% NCs in BM

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15
Q

After Promyelocyte, what maturation stage?

A

Myelocyte

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16
Q

Myelocyte Characteristics are?

A

15-18um
Round to Oval, Eccentric nucleus, Chromatin loosely clumped
Plasm bluish-pink, (dawning of neutrophilia), Primary Grans, 2nd Grans begin.
NCR-2:1
6-17% NCs in BM.
Last stage where Mitosis can occur

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17
Q

After myelocyte is?

A

Metamyelocyte

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18
Q

What cell is indented(kidney-bean) purple clumped chromatin, no nucleoli, pale pink to colorless plasm W/ many 2nd grans?

A

Metamyelocyte

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19
Q

What is the incidence of Metamyelocytes?

A

3-20% NCs in BM.

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20
Q

What stage comes after metamyelocyte in the Neutrophil maturation?

A

Band

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of a band neutrophil?

A

10-15um
Elongated, narrow nucleus that has been constricted but not segmented.

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22
Q

What are the Granules in the a band neutrophil?

A

Moderate amount, specific granules(tertiary granules) are formed.

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23
Q

What is the incidence of Band Neutrophils?

A

9-32% NCs in BM and 0-5 NCs in PB.

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24
Q

What is a matured neutrophil called?

A

Segmented Neutrophil

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25
Segmented Neutrophils are purpish red and have a clumped-granular chromatin, what does the nucleus look like?
Segmented into 2-5 distinct lobes.
26
What regulates the production of Segmented Neutrophils?
G-CSF
27
What is the incidence of Segmented Neutrophils?
3-11% NCs in BM and 50-70% NCs in PB.
28
How long does it approximately take for a myeloblast to mature to a myelocyte?
6 days
29
Meta to seg-neutrophil takes?
4-6 days
30
A circulating neutrophil in the PB is in what 2 pools?
Circulating Neutrophil Pool (CNP) and Marginal Neutrophil Pool (MNP)
31
How long do Neutrophils remain in the PB?
7-14 hrs
32
What do neutrophils do once they reach the tissue of choice?
Diapedesis
33
The neutrophil functions consist of?
Innate Immunity (Non-Specific) Reliance on barriers Phagocytosis Humoral Component (Complement)
34
What are the stages of phagocytosis?
Stage 1: Migration and Diapedesis Stage 2: Opsonization and recognition Stage 3: Phagocytosis: Ingestion, Killing, and digesting.
35
Chemotaxis
Process of directional migration which occurs under the guidance of chemoattractants, produced by injury site.
36
Diapedesis
movement of neutrophils through the vessel wall into the tissue.
37
Opsonization
Mechanism which facilitates recognition and attachment to the organism to be ingested.
38
Neutrophils use these to catch organisms?
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
39
An example of a NET is?
Transcobalamin I or R binding protein (Vitamin B-12)
40
Eosinophils function in?
Respond to antigenic stimulation in chronic allergies. Interact W/ larval stages of some helminthic parasites Regulate Immune Response
41
Basophils live the longest at 60 hrs, but what do they do?
Grans contain histamine, which is involved in systemic allergic reactions. Heparin Infection control against helminths
42
Mast Cells (MCs)
Granulocyte from myeloid stem Cell, part of immune and neuroimmune systems.
43
The granules of Mast Cells contain?
Histamine and Heparin
44
Mast Cells are involved in?
Wound healing, defense against pathogens, and blood-brain barrier function.
45
Monopoiesis
production and development of monos, macros, and their precursors.
46
Where are monos produced?
In the BM and are the largest normal cell in the PB.
47
How are monos produced?
From GM-CSF
48
Monos can differentiate into?
Macros in the tissues
49
Monos make up what % of NCs?
2% NCs in BM and 2-11% NCs in PB
50
What is the lifespan of Monos?
30hrs
51
How does tissue effect a Monos lifespan?
Varies the lifespan from hours to a month.
52
How are monos primarily regulated?
M-CSF
53
Monoblast
1st stage of Mono
54
Characteristics of a monoblast are?
12-20um Blue Plasm w/o grans Nucleus Round, oval, slightly folded Reddish purple nucleus Chromatin fine and lacy 1-2 nucleoli NCR-4:1
55
The next stage after a monoblast is?
Promonocyte
56
Promonocytes are?
Difficult to discern 12-20um Paler gray-blue plasm Bleb-like pseudopods Vacuoles may be present Nucleus has delicate chromatin Brain-like folding Centered NCR-3:1 or 2:1
57
A mature monocyte is after a promonocyte and has?
Lacelike Chromatin, Vacuoles common, and numerous fine pale red grans.
58
Once a monocyte enters the tissue it becomes a?
Macrophage
59
Macrophages are?
15-80um Gray blue abundant plasm Ragged edges Vacuoles Nucleus is netlike, purplish W/ finer clumped chromatin and may have nucleoli.
60
Promonocyte to monocyte takes how long?
60hrs
61
Monos don't have ______in the BM?
Storage Pool
62
The storage pools of Monos is?
Marginal Pool-3.5x greater than circulating Circulating Pool- 3 days before moving into tissue.
63
Macrophages in loose connective tissue?
Histocytes
64
Macrophages in the Liver?
Kupffer Cells
65
Macrophages in the Bone?
Osteroclasts
66
Macrophages in the nervous system?
Microglial Cells
67
Where in the body are macrophages found?
Throughout the body in all organ tissues.
68
The functions of monos and macros are?
Protect host from infectious agents or pathogens by means of innate and adaptive immunity. Housekeeping(Phagocytosis) Enter tissue and become macros of the "RES".
69
Lymph maturation occurs where?
In the BM or thymus
70
Which cell is the 2nd most in #s?
Lymphs 18-42% in PB and 5-15% in BM
71
What do Lymphs dev from?
HSCs
72
Which lymph makes up the most of lymph population?
T-Lymphs W/ 60-80% (Thymus)
73
B-Lymphs make up how much of the total lymph population?
10-20% in the BM.
74
NK Cells make up?
~2% in the BM or Thymus
75
Lymphopoiesis
Production and development of Lymphs.
76
Primary Lymphoid Tissues?
BM, Thymus, Fetal liver
77
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue?
Lymph Node (LNs), Spleen, Peyer's patches in intestine and mucosal tissues(Tonsils).
78
What occurs in the 2nd lymphoid tissues?
Active immune response.
79
What is the function of T-Cells?
Cellular immune response
80
What are the 3 subsets of T-Cells?
Helper T-Cells Suppressor T-Cells Cytotoxic T-Cells
81
Helper T-Cell functions?
Aid B-cells in AB prod Turn on Immune Response Effected by HIV
82
Suppresor T-Cells?
Thermostat to shut off the system or keep it under control.
83
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Destroy via lysis of target cells (Tumor Cells). Role in inflammatory Response Host defense when stimulated by interferon. (Kills virally infected cell before it can replicate).
84
B-Cell Functions?
Humoral Response via transforming into AB-prod Plasma cells Defense against encapsulated bacteria Mediate hyperacute organ rejection
85
Nk Cell Function?
Recognize and kill tumor cells Recognize and kill cells W/ virus
86
First stage of Lymphopoiesis?
Lymphoblast
87
Lymphoblasts are?
Blue/scanty plasm. No Grans Nucleus purple W/ smooth chromatin NCR-4:1
88
After lymphoblast?
Prolymphocyte
89
Prolymphocytes are?
9-18um May have a few azurophilic grans Nucleus will be condensed round or indented. NCR-3:1
90
What stage is after a prolymphocyte?
Mature Lymph
91
Mature Lymphs are? (Characteristics)
7-10um Light blue plasm, W/ a few azurophilic grans. Nucleus is dense and purple W/ clumped chromatin.
92
Lymphocytic Variants have Varied appearance, that depends on?
The degree of activation.
93
Names of the lymphocytic variants?
Reactive Transformed Variant Atypical Downey Cell
94
What is the cause of lymphocytic variants?
Antigenic stimulants like viruses, post-transfustion reactions and organ transplants.
95
What are the general characteristics of lymph variants?
Increased size-Due to DNA activity in nucleus and RNA activity in Plasm. Enlarged monocytoid nucleus Nuclear Chromatin Variation 1-3 Nucleoli Abundant sometimes foamy plasm. Gray-blue to intense blue No grans in plasm
96
What is the best way to differentiate monos from lymphs?
Monos have indented brain-like folded nuclei.

Final Exam (27 decks)

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