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A Level Biology > Chap3 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chap3 Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small unit from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

What molecules are made from monomers;

amino acids
nucleotide
glucose

A

proteins

DNA

carbohydrates

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3
Q

Give three examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose

fructose

galactose

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4
Q

What is the name of monosaccharide containing 5 carbon atoms? Give example

A

Pentose monosaccharide

Ribose

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5
Q

Name a property of monosaccharides

Why is this?

A

Soluble in water

Large number of hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds.
Hydrophillic molecules.

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6
Q

Give chemical formula of glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

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7
Q

Describe test for sugar

A
  1. Benedicts reagent
  2. Hot water bath
  3. Positive result = brick red colour
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8
Q

Why does benedicts reagent turn brick red?

A

Electrons gained in solution.
Precipitate produced

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9
Q

Give chemical formula for sucrose (disaccharide)

A

C12 H22 O11

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10
Q

Sucrose:

Lactose:

Maltose:

A

glucose + fructose

glucose + galactose

glucose + glucose

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11
Q

Name bonds that are present in maltose

A

Glycosidic bonds (1, 4)

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12
Q

What is the reaction for maltose called?

A

Condensation reaction

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13
Q

What is the reverse of condensation reaction?

A

Hydrolysis reaction
(water added back in)

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14
Q

What are all monosaccharides?

A

reducing sugars

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15
Q

What does acid do to disaccharide?

A

Neutralises it

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16
Q

In test for non-reducing sugars, how would we check if not added too much sodium hydrogen carbonate?

A

Litmus paper

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17
Q

Describe test for non-reducing sugars

A
  1. Complete test for reducing sugars
  2. If solution does not change colour dispose of liquid
  3. Add 1cm uknown solution and 1cm HCl into boiling tube
  4. Add sodium hydrogen carbonate
  5. Retest with benedicts solution
  6. If now positive result, this means you started off with non-reducing sugar (orange/brown)
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18
Q

What monomer is starch?

What bonds does it consist of?

A

Alpha glucose

(1, 4) glycosidic bonds for amylose
(1, 6) glycosidic bond for amylopectin due to branching

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19
Q

What monomer is glycogen?

What bonds does it consist of?

A

Alpha glucose

(1, 4) and (1, 6) glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

What monomer is cellulose?

What bonds does it consist of?

A

Beta glucose

Hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

What is the main role of starch in the plant?

A

Energy storage

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22
Q

How is starch suited for its role?

A

(amylose) Insoluble. Does not effect osmotic balance.
Compact molecule due to helical shape

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23
Q

What is the main role of glycogen in animals?

A

Provides quick energy when needed

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24
Q

How is glycogen suited for its role?

A

Many branches allow rapid hydrolysis to provide high glucose level
(meaning more respiration to maintain metabolic needs)

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25
Q

What is the main role of cellulose in the plant cell wall?

A

Structural support

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26
Q

How is cellulose suited for its role?

A

Strong support structure and arranged parallel to each other

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27
Q

Why are hydroxyl groups polar?

A

Small negative charge on oxygen atom and small positive charge on hydrogen atom

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28
Q

What are the two polymers starch consists of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

(amylose is a polysaccharide containing hundreds of alpha glucose molecules)

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29
Q

What molecule is water?

A

Covalent molecule

30
Q

Surface tension

A

Allowed movement on water surface

31
Q

Strong cohesion

A

Holds water molecules together

32
Q

Adhesion

A

Allows water molecules to stick to Eg) xylem vessel walls

33
Q

What is capillary action?

A

Water moving up the vessel

34
Q

What makes water a good solvent?

A

Polar molecules allow for water molecules to bind to solute molecules

35
Q

Why is high specific heat capacity important?

A

Allows organisms to live in environment with small changes in temperature

36
Q

Why does water have large latent heat of vaporisation?

A

Efficient as coolant

37
Q

How is water a useful metabolite?

A

Hydrolysis and condensation reactions

38
Q

Aquatic habitat

A

Light penetrates through transparency of water

39
Q

Ice habitats

A

Breeding areas for animals because ice floats
Ice insulates water below

40
Q

What does R group do in amino acids?

A

Determines chemical property

41
Q

Calcium ions (Ca2+)

A

Muscle contraction and nerve impulses

42
Q

Sodium ions (Na+)

A

Kidney function and nerve impulses

43
Q

Potassium ions (K+)

A

Stomata opening and nerve impulses

44
Q

Hydrogen ions (H+)

A

Catalyses reactions

45
Q

Ammonium ions (NH4+)

A

Nitrate ion production by bacteria

46
Q

Nitrate ions (NO3-)

A

Amino acid synthesis in plants

47
Q

Hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3-)

A

Maintain pH of blood

48
Q

Chloride ions (Cl-)

A

Balance positive charge of sodium and potassium ions

49
Q

Phosphate ions (PO4 3-)

A

Bone formation and ATP formation and cell membrane formation

50
Q

Hydroxide ions (OH-)

A

Catalyses reactions of pH

51
Q

What joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

52
Q

What is a chain of amino acids called

A

Polypeptide

53
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

DNA determines sequence
Peptide bonds

Carboxyl and amine amino acids

54
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coils and folds. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.
Hydrogen bonds

Carboxyl and amine amino acids

55
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D shape (further coiling of secondary structure)
R group interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulphide bonds
Hydrophobic /phillic interactions

56
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Two or more polypeptide chains in protein. Insulin, haemoglobin.

57
Q

Fibrous protein Eg) collagen

A

Staggered cross links between molecules
Form tendons and ligaments

58
Q

Globular protein Eg) Elastin and keratin

A

Insoluble and strong
Chains form H bonds

59
Q

Globular proteins Eg) haemoglobin

A

Cool up due to hydrophobic/phillic groups
Soluble
Specific shape

60
Q

How do you identify amino acids?

A

Chromatography

61
Q

How to test for proteins

A

Equal volume sodium hydroxide to solution

Add few drops of dilute sulphate solution and mix gently

Protein present if purple shows (peptide bonds)

62
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

One single C-C bond

63
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

At least one double C-C bond

64
Q

Characteristics of lipids

A

Hydrophobic
Non-polar molecules
Fatty acid and glycerol -> triglyceride
Do not form polymers

65
Q

Functions of triglyceride

A

Energy source and Heat insulation

66
Q

What bond is found in triglyceride?

A

Ester bond

67
Q

What is the function of sterol cholesterol

A

Regulates fluidity of membrane

68
Q

Testing for lipids

A

Mix sample with ethanol
Mix with water and shake
White emulsion = lipids present

69
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Not identical but same genes

70
Q

Which biological molecule contain only C H and O?

A

Carbohydrates and lipids

71
Q

What biological molecule contains nitrogen and sulphur?

A

Proteins
Eg) insulin

72
Q

Which processes involve formation of ester bonds?

A

Synthesis of polynucleotides

Synthesis of triglycerides

A Level Biology (11 decks)

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