Chapter-1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of structural basis of body function
2
Q
Gross Anatomy (macroscopic)
A
structure visible to naked eye
3
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
multiple organ systems at once in a given region of body
4
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
one organ system at a time
5
Q
Surface Anatomy
A
external structure
6
Q
Microscopic Anatomy (histology)
A
tissue specimens
7
Q
Cytology
A
structure and function of individual cells
8
Q
Histology
A
slice/stained tissue specimens observed under microscope
9
Q
Developmental Anatomy
A
trace changes throughout lifespan
10
Q
Embryology
A
developmental changes occur before birth
11
Q
Physiology
A
study of functional relevance of that structure
12
Q
Principle of Complementarity of structure and function
A
Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable, function always reflects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form
13
Q
Levels of Structural Organization
A
Hierarchy. Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ level, Organ System level
14
Q
Chemical Level
A
atoms combine to form molecules
15
Q
Atoms
A
smallest building blocks
16
Q
Molecules
A
group of atoms
17
Q
Organelles
A
molecules come together
18
Q
Cellular Level
A
cells are made up of molecules
19
Q
Tissue Level
A
groups of similar cells that have common function
20
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
type of tissue covers body surfaces, lining all cavities
21
Q
Connective Tissue
A
Supports and protects organs
22
Q
Muscle tissue
A
tissue composed of elongated, electrically excitable cells specialized for contraction
23
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
means of rapid internal communication by transmitting impulses
24
Q
Organ Level
A
organs are made up of different types of tissues
25
Organismal
all organ systems
26
Organ System Level
11-groups of organs that carry out a basic function of the organism
27
Integumentary System- organs
skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
28
Integumentary System- function
protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
29
Skeletal System- organs
bones, cartilages, ligaments
30
Skeletal System- function
support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
31
Muscular System- organs
skeletal muscles
32
Muscular System- function
movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production
33
Nervous System- organs
brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
34
Nervous System- function
rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation
35
Endocrine System- organs
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, testes, ovaries
36
Endocrine system- function
hormone production, internal chemical communication, and coordination
37
Circulatory System- organs
heart, blood vessels
38
Circulatory System- function
distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells and antibodies, and acid-base balance
39
Lymphatic System- organs
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
40
Lymphatic System- function
recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
41
Respiratory System- organs
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
42
Respiratory System- function
absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
43
Digestive System- organs
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
44
Digestive System- function
nutrient breakdown and absorption
45
liver functions
metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, cleansing of blood, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones
46
Urinary System- organs
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
47
Urinary System- function
elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, detoxification
48
Male Reproductive System- organs
testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vessicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis
49
Male Reproductive System- function
production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones
50
Female Reproductive System- organs
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
51
Female Reproductive System- function
production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment; birth, lactation; secretion of sex hormones
52
The language of Anatomy
anatomical position, directional terms, regional terms, divisions of the body, anatomical variability, body planes and sections, body cavities and membranes
53
Anatomical position
standard body position- upright with feet flat and close together, arms at sides, palms and face directed forward
54
Right and Left
refer to body being viewed
55
Directional terms
describe locations of structures
56
Superior (cranial)
above, toward head end, upper part of body
57
Inferior (caudal)
below, away from head end, lower part of body
58
Ventral
toward or at front of body
59
Dorsal
toward back of body
60
Medial
toward midline of body
61
Lateral
away from midline
62
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
63
Proximal
closer to point of attachment
64
Distal
farther from point of origin
65
Superficial
external- closer to body surface
66
Deep
internal- further from body surface
67
Regional terms
designate specific within body divisions
68
Axial part
head, neck, and trunk
69
Appendicular part
upper and lower limbs
70
Anatomical variability
humans differ externally and internally.
71
Body plane
flat surface along which body or structure may be cut for study
72
Sagittal plane
extends vertically and divides the body into right and left portions
73
Midsagittal plane (median)
passes through midline and divides equal right and left halves
74
Parasagittal plane
unequal right/ left portions
75
Frontal plane (coronal)
anterior and posterior portions
76
Transverse plane (horizontal)
perpendicular to its long axis. divides body into superior and inferior portions
77
Dorsal body cavity
protects nervous system
78
Cranial cavity
encases brain
79
Vertebral cavity
encases spinal cord
80
Ventral body cavity
houses internal organs
81
Thoracic cavity
subdivided 2, pleural cavity (lung) and pericardial cavity (heart)
82
Pleural cavity
contains lungs
83
Mediastinum
thick partition
84
Pericardial cavity
contains heart
85
Abdominopelvic cavity
consists of the abdominal cavity superiorly and the pelvic cavity inferiorly
86
Abdominal cavity
contains most of digestive organs as well as spleen, liver, kidneys, and ureters
87
Pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, prostate glands
88
Nine Regions of abdomen
umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric, right/left lumbar, right/left hypochondriac, right/left iliac
89
What organ/s is/are in the umbilical region?
small intestine
90
Epigastric region?
liver, gallbladder, 10th rib
91
Hypogastric region?
urinary bladder, urethra
92
Right/Left Lumbar regions?
large intestine
93
Four quadrants of abdomen
right/ left upper quadrant, right/left lower quadrant
94
Serosa
outer layer- divides and wraps around
95
Parietal serosae
lines internal body cavity walls
96
Parietal pericardium
outer layer lining pericardial cavity
97
Parietal pleura
outer layer lining thoracic cavity (inside of rib cage)
98
Parietal peritoneum
lines walls of the abdominalpelvic cavity
99
Visceral serosae
covers internal organs
100
Visceral pericardium
covers heart
101
Visceral pleura
covers outside of lungs
102
Visceral peritoneum
covers most of the organs in the abdominalpelvic cavity
103
Serous fluid
fluid secreted by both layers of membrane. between visceral and parietal
