Nervous System Flashcards by Michelle Carlos

the integrative functions of the nervous system are performed mainly by

interneurons

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neurons arise from embryonic

ectoderm

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the soma of a mature neuron lacks

centrioles

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the glial cells that destroy microorganisms in the CNS are

microglia

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a friend takes a flash photograph of you, and you continue to see an image of the flash unit for several seconds afterward. This phenomenon is the result of a ___ circuit

parallel after discharge

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neurotransmitters are found in

the presynaptic terminal

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another name for the axon of a neuron is

nerve fiber

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nerves that directly control the motility of the stomach or rate of the heartbeat would belong to

the visceral motor division

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the glial cells that guide migrating neurons in the developing fetal brain are

astrocytes

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which of the following appears earlier than all the rest in prenatal development of the nervous system

the neural plate

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neurons that convey information to the CNS are called sensory, or ___, neurons

afferent

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motor effects that depend on repetitive output from a neural pool are most likely to use the ___ type of neural circuit

reverberating

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prenatal degeneration of the forebrain results in a birth defect called

anencephaly

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neurons receive incoming signals by way of specialized processes called

dendrites

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in the central nervous system, cells called ___ perform one of the same functions that Schwann cells do in the peripheral nervous system.

oligodendrocytes

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a/ an ___ synapse is formed when a presynaptic neuron synapses with the cell body of postsynaptic neuron

axosomatic

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all of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord is called

peripheral nervous system

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the ___ and ___ are necessary for regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

neurilemma, endoneurium

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in the peripheral nervous system, the somas of the neurons are concentrated in enlarged, knotlike structures called ____ connected to the nerves

ganglia

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at a given synapse, the ___ neuron has neurotransmitter receptors.

postsynaptic

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below L2, the vertebral canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called

the cauda equina

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the brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves

axillary, radial, median, and ulnar

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between the dura mater and vertebral bone, one is most likely to find

adipose tissue

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which tract carries motor signals destined for the postural muscles

the vestibulospinal tract

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a patient has a gunshot wound that caused a bone fragment to nick the spinal cord. The patient now feels no pain or temperature sensations from that level of the body down. Most likely, the ___ was damaged.

spinothalamic tract

what are the regions of the spinal cord

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

In the spinal cord, the Soma's of the lower motor neurons are found in

The anterior horns

The outermost connective tissue wrapping of a nerve is called

The epineurium

The intercostal nerves between the ribs arise from which spinal nerve plexus

Thoracic

All somatic reflexes share all of the following properties

They are quick, they require stimulation, they are involuntary, they are stereotyped

Outside the CNS, the Somas of neurons are clustered in swellings called

ganglia

Distal to the intervertebral foramen, a spinal nerve branches into a posterior and anterior

rami

The cerebellum receives feedback from the muscles and joints by way of the ___ tracts of the spinal cord

spinocerebellar

Motor innervation of the leg proper comes predominantly from the ___ plexus

sacral

Neural circuits called ____ in the spinal cord produce the rhythmic muscular contractions of walking

central pattern generators

The ____ nerves arise from the cervical plexus and innervate the diaphragm

phrenic

The crossing of a nerve fiber or tract from the right side of the CNS to the left, or vice versa, is called

decussation

the nonvisual awareness of the body's position and movements is called ___

proprioception

the ___ ganglion contains the somas of neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord

posterior root

the sciatic nerve is a composite of two nerves, the ___ and ___

tibial, common fibular

what is caudal to the hypothalamus

the cerebral aqueduct

hearing is associated mainly with

the temporal lobe

the blood- CSF barrier is formed by

ependymal cells

the pyramids of the medulla oblongata contain

descending corticospinal fibers

what is involved in vision

the temporal lobe, the occipital lobe, the midbrain tectum, the trochlear nerve

while studying in a noisy cafeteria, you get sleepy and doze off for a few minutes. You awaken with a start and realize that all the cafeteria sounds have just "come back". while you were dozing, this auditory input was blocked from reaching your auditory cortex by

the reticular activating system

because of a brain lesion, a certain patient never feels full, but eats so excessively that she now weighs nearly 600 pounds. the lesion is most likely in her

hypothalamus

the ___ is most closely associated with the cerebellum in embryonic development and remains its primary source of input fibers throughout life

pons

damage to the ___ nerve could result in defects of eye movement

abducens

all of the following, begin or end in the orbit

optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

the right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other by a thick C- shaped bundle of fibers called the

corpus callosum

the brain has four chambers called ___ filled with ___ fluid

ventricles, cerebrospinal

in a sagittal section, the cerebellar white matter exhibits a branching pattern called the

arbor vitae

part of the limbic system involved in forming new memories is the

hippocampus

cerebrospinal fluid is secreted partly by a mass of blood capillaries called the ___ in each ventricle

choroid plexus

the primary motor area of the cerebrum is the ___ gyrus of the frontal lobe

precentral

your personality is determined mainly by which lobe of the cerebrum

frontal

areas of cerebral cortex that identify or interpret sensory information are called

association cortex

linear, analytical, and verbal thinking occurs in the ___ hemisphere of the cerebrum, which is on the left in most people

categorical

the motor pattern for speech is generated in an area of cortex called the ___ and them transmitted to the primary motor cortex to be carried out

broca area

hot and cold stimuli are detected by

free nerve endings

sensory signals for all of the following, must pass through the thalamus before they can reach the cerebral cortex

taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision

the vallate papillae are more sensitive to ___ than to any of these other tastes

bitter

the ear is somewhat protected from loud noises by

the stapedius

the sensory neurons that begin in the spiral organ of the ear end in

the cochlear nucleus

the spiral organ rests on

the basilar membrane

the acceleration you feel when an elevator begins to rise is sensed by

the macula sacculi

the highest density of cone cells is found in

the fovea centralis

the dilated blood vessels seen in "blood shot" eyes are vessels of

the conjunctiva

a person would look cross eyed if ___ muscles contracted at once

both medial rectus

the most finely detailed vision occurs when an image falls on a pit in the retina called

fovea centralis

fibers of the optic nerve come from the ___ cells of the retina

ganglion

a sensory nerve ending specialized to detect tissue injury and produce a sensation of pain is called a/ an

nociceptor

the gelatinous membranes of the macula sacculi and macula utriculi are weighted by calcium carbonate- protein granules called

otoliths

three rows of ___ in the cochlea have V- shaped arrays of stereocilia and tune the frequency sensitivity of the cochlea

outer hair cells

the ___ is a tiny bone that vibrates in the oval window and thereby transfers sound vibrations to the inner ear

stapes

the ___ of the midbrain receive auditory input and trigger the head- turning auditory reflex

inferior colliculi

the apical microvilli of a gustatory cell are called

taste hairs

olfactory neurons synapse with mitral cells and tufted cells in the ___, which lies inferior to the frontal lobe

olfactory bulb

in the phenomenon of ___, pain from the viscera is perceived as coming from an area of the skin

referred pain