Chapter 1 Flashcards by joe Moore

What is communication?

Any means of sharing information

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What does communication require?

A sender, receiver and a shared means of communication (a tool both partners ca understand)

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How in communications accomplished?

Linguistics
Extralinguistics
Paralinguistics

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What is Linguistics?

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What is one feature of communication?

So, one of the features of COMMUNICATION is the varied ways in which words might be used to communicate a multiplicity of communicative purposes and functions

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What is PARALINGUISTICS?

“information” added to the words themselves to change their meaning.

Consider the difference between:
I WANT the juice. vs
I want the JUICE.

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Consideration of prosody, inflection, rhythm, duration, stress, timing equals what?

PARALINGUISTICS

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What is Extralinguistics?

Gestures, proxemics (how closely do you stand to your communication partner and how that distance changes with different partners and different communication purposes), facial expressions, movements.

These behaviors might be:
added to the linguistic information (e.g. an eye roll that accompanies “You’re going to wash dishes?”)
or be used to COMMUNICATE all by themselves (e.g. just pointing toward the door when it’s time to go)

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Communication is accomplished through some combination of:

Linguistic skills
Paralinguistic skills
Extralinguisitc skills

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How are Communication, language and Speech Related?

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What is Language?

Is shared by a “community of users”

is a rule based system

Is systematic and recombinant

symbolic and so representative

is semantic

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What are the 5 defining Features of Language?

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How do we make use of Language?

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What is speech?

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What are the 3 main charateristics of language?

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The 2 hemispheres of the brain is connected by the?

2 hemispheres connected by corpus collosum, which provides communication between the hemispheres

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Central Nervous system is made up of the ??

Brain and spinal cord

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Which half of the cerebrum deals with

specific language processing/production sites?
participates in some aspects of language processing
emotion and affect
artistic expression

Left
Right

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The vast majority of the population is lateralized for language in the _____ hemisphere.

Left

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What are the 3 main language areas of the Brain?

Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
Arcuate fasciculus (connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s)

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Where is the Broca’s area located? What is it near?

Left frontal region

Is very near to the part of the motor strip that controls the tongue and lips

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What does damage to the Broca’s result in? What does this result in?

Broca’s aphasia

Good comprehension but difficulty with pronunciation and producing the little words of language (articles, prepositions)
Speech is telegraphic

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Where is the Wernicke’s area located? What is it near?

Posterior left temporal lobe

Near the auditory associated areas of the brain

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What does damage to this area result in and how is it characterized?

Aphasia

characterized by fluent speech with many neologisms (nonsense words) and poor comprehension

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What Is the band of subcortical fibers that connects Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area?

Arcuate Fasciculus

Lesions on the Arcuate Fasciculus result in what?

Lesions here impact the ability to repeat (conduction aphasia) To repeat, the incoming message is processed in Wernicke’s area and then sent out over the arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area where it is programmed for production

What is the inability to repeat things because of lesions on the arcuate fasciculus?

conduction aphasia

Where does motor planning to speak occur?

Broca's area

During repetition, Neural impulses from the inner ear travel by way of _____________ to. . . ## Footnote Primary _____ \_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_) Processed in\_\_\_\_\_\_Area and a representation . . . Travels through _______ \_\_\_\_\_ to . . _____ \_\_\_\_\_ for motor planning to speak

VII cranial nerve (acoustic nerve) auditory cortex (Heschel’s gyrus) Wernicke’s Arcuate Fasiculus Broca’s Area

What is communicative competence?

Knowing the language also requires knowing its phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

A speaker who knows the syntactic rules of language is said to have ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

linguistic competence

What is Phonology?

Includes all of the important sounds, the rules for combining them to make words, as well as stress and intonation patterns that accompany them

What is a group of similar sounds that are regarded as all the same by the speakers of a language?

Phoneme

What is the smallest unit of meaning in a language?

Morpheme

What is the difference between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme?

Free morpheme – can stand alone Bound morpheme – cannot stand alone and are always attached to free morphemes

What can be used to derive new words?

Derivational morphemes

What does not change meaning but rather indicate tense, person, number, case, gender (variations on a basic word are called inflections)

Inflectional morphemes

What does Syntax do?

Includes the rules for how to combine words into acceptable phrases and sentences and how to transform sentences into other sentences Allows the speaker to generate an almost endless number of new sentences and to recognize those that are not grammatically acceptable

What are Semantics?

Includes our lexicon Vocabulary is structured hierarchically and words are attached to one another in semantic networks

What refers to the use of language to express one’s intentions and get things done in the world?

Pragmatics

What are the 4 Conversational Principles?

Quantity – say as much as you need too but not too much Quality – be truthful Relevance – contributions to conversations are expected to be relevant Manner – speakers are expected to take their turns in a timely fashion and to present their information in a logical order

During the 1st month of infancy what do babies aquire?

The communicative skills that underlie language

During infant development, when do babies begin to categorize sounds of their own language?

6th month

By __ \_\_\_\_\_\_, many babies understand 50 or more common words

11 months

Early in the ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ babbling blends into early speech

2nd Year

Midway through the ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_, babies begin to babble

1st year

Once talking begins, course of language development appears to have 3 universal characteristics. Please name them:

1. Early utterances are 1 word 2. Words are simple in pronunciation 3. Words are concrete in meaning

What is Semantic Development?

Learning the meanings of words

Early vocabularies are more likely to contain words that refer to what?

objects that move, than objects that don’t move

Early vocabularies reflect daily life and often refer to \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and ______ in immediate surroundings

Objects, events and people

What are early vocabularies unlikely to refer to?

Unlikely to refer to events that are distant in time or space or that are abstract

What two terms deals with putting words together?

morphology and syntax

\_\_\_ birthday + 50 word vocabulary = 2 word combinations

2nd

What are Telegraphic utterances and when do they occurr?

-no articles, prepositions, inflection, or grammatical modifications 2nd Birthday

When does progress with 2 word utterances begin to name actions, modify a noun, or specify location

2nd Birthday

As utterances grow longer, ________ \_\_\_\_\_ begin to appear

grammatical forms

What two broad terms deals with the ability to use language appropriately in a variety of social situations?

Pragmatics and linguistic competence

?What 4 items must be intact to have linguistic competence?

phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics are intact

Is Linguistic competence sufficient to be communicatively competent?

No. Language development includes acquiring the ability to use language appropriately in a variety of social situations

What are the 3 theoretical approaches to lanuguae development?

Cognitive developmentalists Information theorists Social interactionists

Which language development theory emphasizse the child’s motivation to communicate with others and that ## Footnote Child-directed speech (CDS) is important

Social interactionists

Which language theory believes children are processors of information (much like a computer)

Information Theorists

What do cognitive developmentalists believe?

1. Language is just one facet of human cognition 2. Children learn to pair words with concepts they have already mastered

What are the INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES in language development?

1. Variation in the onset of speech 2. Variation in the rate at which language develops 3. Variation in the style of language

What are the 4 conditions that lead to atypical language development?

Deafness Intellectual disabilities Autism Specific language impairment

How does parent speech differ from peer speech?

Peer speech includes jokes, riddles, expressions from TV show characters

Once a child has learned to _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_, these new skills have profound effects upon their spoken language

read and write

With advancing age, what 4 linguistic changes take place?

1. Word find difficulty 2. Hearing loss 3. Memory impairments 4. Vocabulary and narrative skills increase

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(71 cards)