Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
microorganisms are organisms that are
A
too small to be seen by the unaided eye
2
Q
knowledge of microorganisms allows us to
A
prepare food safely and prevent spoilage
prevent and treat disease
understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics
3
Q
types of microorganisms
A
bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
microscopic algae
viruses
multicellular animal parasites
4
Q
very few are actually
A
pathogenic
5
Q
some examples of good microorganisms are
A
decompose organic wastes
generate oxygen by photosynthesis
produce chemical products (ethanol, acetone, and vitamins)
produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese and bread
produce products used in manufacturing and disease treatment
6
Q
microbiome
A
a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
7
Q
the microbiome does what
A
help maintain good health
can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
may help train the immune system to discriminate threats
8
Q
how many bacteria cells are in the intestine
A
40 trillion
9
Q
normal microbiota is the collection of
A
acquired microorganisms on or in a healthy human being
10
Q
colonization can only occur at body sites that
A
provide nutrients and the right environment for the microbes to flourish
11
Q
human microbiome project
A
goal of determining the makeup of typical microbiota of various areas of the body
secondary goal of understanding relationship between changes in microbiome and human diseases
12
Q
the national microbiome initiative
A
explores the role microbes play in different ecosystems
13
Q
nomenclature
A
naming
14
Q
who established the nomenclature system in 1735
A
Linnaeus
15
Q
nomenclature comes up with names for the
A
scientific name
16
Q
the genus is
A
capitalized
17
Q
the epithet is
A
lowercase
18
Q
who discovered the 3rd domain of microorganisms (archaea)
A
Woese (1978)
19
Q
three domains of microorganisms
A
bacteria, archaea eukarya
20
Q
bacteria include
A
organisms who cells walls contain peptidoglycan
21
Q
archaea include
A
organisms who cell wall (if even present) lacks peptidoglycan
22
Q
eukarya include
A
protists, fungi, plants, animals
23
Q
protists are
A
slime molds, protozoa, algea
24
Q
fungi include
A
unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, mushrooms
25
plants include
mosses ferns, conifers, flowering plants
26
animals include
sponges, worms, insects, vertebraes
27
it is important to know the different types of microorganisms and understand the differences between them why?
this information is imperative in selecting effective treatment options for specific infections
28
bacteria are prokaryotes meaning...
genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
29
bacteria has how many cells
single celled
30
bacteria has a peptidoglycan cell wall, what is that made of
carb and protein complex
31
bacteria divide via
binary fission
32
bacteria derive nutrition from
organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
33
bacteria may swim using
flagellas
34
archaea are what type of cell looking at their nucleus
prokaryotes
35
archaea often live in
extreme environments
36
methanogens archaea
produce methane from respiration
37
extreme halophiles archaea
live in extremely salty environments
38
extreme thermophiles archaea
live in extremely hot sulfur environments
39
Fungi are eukaryotes meaning
have a distinct nucleus
40
fungi's cell walls are made up of
chitin
41
how do fungi get energy
absorb organic chemicals
42
yeasts are unicellular meaning
only have one cell
43
molds and mushrooms are
multicellular
44
molds consist of masses of mycelia which are composed of filaments called
hyphae
45
protozoa have a true nucleus meaning
they are eukaryotes
46
protozoa absorb or ingest
organic chemicals
47
protozoa may be motile via
pseudopods, cilia, flagella
48
protozoa are either free living or
parasitic
49
some protozoa are
Photosynthetic
50
protozoa can reproduce
Sexually, or asexually
51
algae have a true nucleus
Eukaryotes
52
algae has a cell wall made of
cellulose
53
algae is found in
freshwater, saltwater, and soil
54
how does algae get energy
Photosynthesis
55
when algae goes through photosynthesis it produces
oxygen, and carbs
56
algae reproduce
asexually or sexually
57
viruses are acellular meaning
they do not consist of cells
58
viruses consist of a core that is filled with
DNA/RNA
59
viruses core is surrounded by a
protein coat
60
viruses are replicated only when they are in
a living host cell
61
viruses are inert outside of
living host
62
most viruses can only be seen with a
electron microscope
63
parasitic flatworms ad roundworms are called
helminths
64
in 1665 who reported that living things are composed of little boxes or cells
Hooke
65
Hooke marked the beginning of what theory
cell therory
66
what is cell theory
all living things are composed of cells
67
the first microbes were observed by
Leeuwenhoek
68
spontaneous generation
the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a 'vital force' is necessary for life
69
biogenesis
the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting cells
70
1688 Redi
filled jars with decaying meat
71
what were Redis findings
jars covered with fine net: no maggots
jars opened: maggots appeared
sealed jars: no maggots
72
what was the purpose of the sealed jars in Redi's experiment
to prove that maggots do not spontaneously generate
73
1745 Needham
put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
74
what was Needhams findings
nutrient broth was heated and then placed into a flask and then covered. The results were microbial growth
75
in Needmans experiment where did the growth come from
the air after the broth was heated
76
1765 Spallanzani
nutrient broth placed in flask, sealed and then heated
77
Spallanzanis findings with the broth
no microbial growth
78
Theory biogenesis started in 1858 with
Virchow
79
Virchow stated
cells arise from preexisting cells, challenging the case for spontaneous generation
80
in 1861 ____ performed significant experiments to demonstrate microorganisms are present in the air
Pasteur
81
Pasteurs experiments
poured broth into a straight flask, and microbes were present, then used a long neck S shaped flask and there were no signs of life
82
what was unique about Pasteurs flask shape
it allowed air to pass but trapped microbes
83
first golden age is from
1857-1914
84
first golden age scientists and microbiologists
studied the chemical activities of microorganisms
improved microscopy
improved techniques for culturing microorganisms
developed vaccines
developed surgical techniques
85
Pasteur showed that _____ carry out fermentation
yeasts
86
fermentation
conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air
87
Pasteurization
application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
88
Germ Theory of Disease
certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen with a microscope
89
in 1860s ____ applied Pasteurs work in the medical field
Lister
90
What did Lister do to prevent wounds
used chemical antiseptic (phenol)
91
Kochs Postulates
experimental steps to demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
92
vaccination is derived from the latin word ____ which means cow
vacca
93
1796 Jenner
inoculated a person with cowpox virus who was then immune to smallpox
94
protection from the disease or similar to build
immunity
95
Chemotherapy
treatment of disease with chemicals
96
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases can be
synthetic drugs or antibiotics
97
Antibiotics
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
98
who speculated about a magic bullet that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host
Ehrlich
99
1928 Fleming
Discovered first antibiotic by accident (Penicillin)
100
drug resistance results from
genetic changes in microbes that enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic that would normally inhibit them
101
bacteriology
study of bacteria
102
mycology
study of fungi
103
Parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
104
immunology
study of immunity
105
1933 Rebecca Lancefield
classified streptococci based on their cell wall components
106
virology
study of viruses
107
1892 Iwanoski
mosaic disease of tobacco
108
1935 Stanley
discovered the cause of the mosaic disease of tobacco to be a virus: Tobacco Mosaic Virus
109
Stanley's work facilitated the work of
virus structure and chemistry
110
Microbial genetics
study of how microbes inherit traits
111
molecular biology
study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
112
Genomics
the study of an organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
113
recombinant DNA
DNA made from 2 different sources
114
who founded the path for recombinant DNA
Berg
115
1941: Beadle and Tatum
showed that genes encode a cells enzymes
116
1944: Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
showed that DNA is hereditary material
117
1953: Watson and Crick
proposed a model of DNA structure
118
1961 Jacob and Monod
discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
119
biotechnology
use of microbes for practical applications such as producing food and chemicals
120
missing or defective genes in mean cells can be replaced by
gene therapy
121
microbial ecology
study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
122
Bioremediation
using microbes to clean up pollutants
123
bacillus thuringiensis
infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to animals and plants
124
normal microbiota
microbes normally present in and on the human body
125
what do normal microbiota do
prevent growth of pathogens, produce growth factors such as vitamin B and K
126
resistance
ability of the body to ward off diseases
127
resistance factors
skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals
128
biofilms
microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
129
where do biofilms grow on
rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants
130
biofilms cause
infections
131
why are biofilms often resistant to antibiotics
offer protective barrier
132
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
133
what defines a EID
pathogen invades a host and overcomes the hosts resistance, disease results
134
how is zika spread
bite by a infected mosquito and sexual contact
135
H1N1 influenza
swine flu
136
H1N1 was first detected in
2009
137
H1N1 was declared a pandemic in
2009
138
Avian Influenza A (H5N1)
Influenza A virus
139
Influenza A virus is primarily in
waterfowl and poultry
140
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA
141
when did MRSA become penicillin resistance
1950s
142
when did MRSA become Methicillin resistance
1980s
143
when did MRSA become resistance to vancomycin
1990s
144
how is ebola hemorrhagic fever transmitted
contact with infected blood or body fluids
