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Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

pathology

A

study of diseases

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2
Q

etiology

A

cause of a disease

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of disease

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4
Q

infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

disease

A

abnormal state in which the body is not preforming normal functions

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6
Q

the human microbiome begins to established in the

A

utero

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7
Q

you get microorganisms acquired from

A

food, people, pets

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8
Q

human microbiome project

A

analyzes relationship between microbial communities on the body and human health

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9
Q

normal microbiota/flora

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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10
Q

transient microbiota

A

may be present for days, weeks, or months and then disappear

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11
Q

distribution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by many factors, what are some of these factors

A

nutrients, physical and chemical factors, host defenses, mechanical factors

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12
Q

microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)

A

is a competition between microbes

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13
Q

normal microbiota protect the host by

A

competing for nutrients
producing substances harmful to invading microbes
affecting pH and available oxygen

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14
Q

when the balance between normal microbiota and pathogenic is upset what can result

A

disease

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15
Q

the relationship between normal microbiota and host display what type of relationship

A

symbiosis

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16
Q

symbiosis

A

the realationship between normal microbiota and the host

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17
Q

commensalism symbiosis

A

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

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18
Q

Mutualism symbiosis

A

both organisms benefit

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19
Q

parasitism symbiosis

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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20
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

do not cause harm under normal conditions but if there is a change in immunity of health of the host these can cause disease

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21
Q

Kochs Postulates
1. the same __________ must be present in every case of the disease
2. the pathogen must be ________ from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the _________ when its inoculated into a healthy susceptible lab animal
4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the _________ ___________

A

pathogen, isolated, disease, original organism

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22
Q

Kochs postulates are used to prove the cause of an

A

infectious disease

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23
Q

some exceptions to kochs postulates

A

some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
some pathogens cause disease only in humans
some microbes have never been cultured

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24
Q

symptoms

A

changes in body function that are felt by the patient as a result of disease

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25
signs
changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
26
can symptoms be measured by observer
no, signs can be measured though
27
examples of signs
fever, lesions, edema
28
syndrome
specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
29
communicable disease
disease that is spread from one host to another
30
contagious disease
disease that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another
31
noncommunicable disease
disease that is not spread from one host to another
32
incidence
number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period
33
incidence is the indicator of the
spread of the disease
34
prevalence
number of people who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared
35
prevalence takes into account
new and old cases
36
prevalence is an indicator of
how seriously and how long a disease affects a population
37
sporadic disease
disease that occurs only occasionally
38
endemic disease
disease constantly present in a population
39
epidemic disease
disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
40
pandemic disease
worldwide epidemic
41
acute disease
symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
42
chronic disease
symptoms develop slowly
43
subacute disease
intermediate between acute and chronic
44
latent disease
causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms
45
herd immunity
immunity in most of a population
46
where there is herd immunity outbreaks are limited to
sporadic cases because there is not enough susceptible individuals to support the spread to epidemic proportions
47
local infections
pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
48
systemic (generalized) infection
an infection throughout the body
49
focal infection
infection that began as local infection but is able to enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to another specific region of the body
50
spepsis
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
51
bacteremia
bacteria in the blood
52
septicemia
also known as blood poisoning, growth of bacteria in the blood
53
toxemia
toxins in the blood
54
viremia
viruses in the blood
55
primary infection
acute infection that causes the initial illness
56
secondary infection
opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
57
subclinical disease
no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
58
predisposing factors
make the body more susceptible to disease
59
examples of predisposing factors
gender genes climate lack of vaccination fatigue age lifestyle nutrition medications like chemotherapy
60
is the development of a disease similar in acute and chronic?
yes
61
incubation period
interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms
62
prodromal period
short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms
63
period of illness
disease is most severe
64
period of decline
signs and symptoms subside
65
period of convalescence
body returns to its predeceased state
66
reservoirs of infection are __________ sources of infection
continual
67
human reservoirs
carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
68
animal reservoirs
zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans
69
nonliving reservoirs
soil and water
70
3 types of transmission of a disease
contact vehicle vector
71
types of contact transmission
direct contact congenital indirect contact droplet
72
direct contact transmission
requires close association between the infected and susceptible host (EX: kissing)
73
congenital transmission
transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth
74
indirect contact transmission
spreads to a host by a nonliving thing called a FOMITE (EX: stethoscopes)
75
droplet transmission
transmission via airborne droplets that travel very short distances (EX: sneezing)
76
3 types of vehicle transmission
airborne, waterborne, foodborne
77
vehicle transmission is by an _________ reservoir
inanimate
78
airborne
spread of infectious agents by droplet nuclei in dust that are capable of traveling more than one than one meter from reservoir to host due to their small size
79
waterborne
pathogens are spread by water that is usually contaminated with untreated or poorly treated sewage
80
foodborne
pathogens are transmitted through foods that haven't been cooked all the way, poorly stored, prepped under unsanitary conditions, can occur via cross contamination
81
vectors arthropods examples
fleas, ticks, mosquitoes
82
vectors transit disease by what 2 methods
mechanical, biological
83
mechanical transmission
arthropod carries pathogen on its feet
84
biological transmission
pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces
85
HAIs/Nosocomial infections
acquired while receiving treatment in health care facility
86
5 major types of HAI/nosocomial
UTI surgical wound infection lower respiratory infection cutaneous infection bactermia
87
HAI/nosocomial result from
microorganism in the hospital environment weekend status of the host chain of transmission in a hospital
88
compromised host
an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
89
universal precautions
an approach to infection control to protect workers from HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens in human blood and certain other body fluids, regardless of a patients' infection status.
90
standard precautions
basic, minimum practices
91
transmission-based precautions
supplemental to standard precautions; designed for known or suspected infections
92
contact precautions
used for patients with infections that can be passed through contact with body fluids, feces, equipment or contaminated surfaces
93
droplet precautions
for patients with infections that can be spread through close contact with droplet nuclei
94
airborne precautions
for patients with infections that can be spread by droplet nuclei over long distances
95
emerging infectious diseases
diseases that are new, increasing in incidence or showing potential to increase in the near future
96
most emerging infectious diseases are ___________, of viral origin and likely to be vector borne
zoonotic
97
EID genetic recombination example
E. coli 0157 and avian influenza (H5N1)
98
EID evolution of new strains example
vibrio cholerae 0139
99
EID widespread use of antibiotics and pestisides
antibiotic resistance strains
100
EID changes in weather patterns examples
hantavirus
101
EID modern transportation examples
zika virus, chikungunya, west nile encephalitis
102
EID insect vectors
Ades aegypti, A. albopictus
103
EID ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement
coccidioidomycosis
104
EID animal control measures
Lyme disease
105
epidemiology
study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
106
epidemiologist roles
determine etiology of disease identify other important factors concerning the spread of a disease develop methods for controlling a disease assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of disease
107
3 famous people who participated in epidemiology
John Snow Ignaz Semmelweis Florence Nightingale
108
John Snow 1848-49
mapped the occurance of cholera in London
109
Ignaz Semmelweis 1846-48
showed that hand washing decreased the incidence of puerperal sepsis
110
Florence Nightingale 1858
showed that improved sanitation decreased the indigence of epidemic typhus
111
descriptive epidemiology
collection of data and analysis
112
who displayed descriptive epidemiology
Snow
113
analytical epidemiology
analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
114
who displayed analytical epidemiology
Nightingale
115
experimental epidemiology
involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments
116
who displayed experimental epidemiology
Semmelweis
117
CDC collects and analyzes
epidemiological information in the United States
118
morbidity
incidence of a specific notifiable disease
119
mortality
deaths from notifiable diseases
120
notifiable infectious dieases
diseases that require occurrence reporting by physicians
121
morbidity rate
number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period
122
mortality rate
number of deaths from a disease in reaction to the population in a given time

Microbiology (20 decks)

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