Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
viruses are obilgatory intracellular
A
parasites
2
Q
viruses require a living host to
A
multiply
3
Q
viruses contain DNA or RNA or both or one of the other?
A
contain one of the other
4
Q
viruses have a protein
A
coat
5
Q
viruses have no
A
ribosomes
6
Q
do viruses have ATP generating mechanisms
A
no
7
Q
host range is the spectrum of host cells a virus can
A
infect
8
Q
most visas infect only specific types of cells in one
A
host
9
Q
the fact vises only infect specific types of cells is determined by
A
specific host attachment sites and cellular factors
10
Q
bacteriophages are viruses that infect
A
bacteria
11
Q
animal viruses the receptor is on the
A
plamsa membrane
12
Q
virion
A
complete, full developed viral particle
13
Q
in a virion the DNA or RNA can be single or double stranded but what other 2 shapes could it be
A
linear or circular
14
Q
virion have a capsid protein coar made of
A
capsomeres
15
Q
virion have spikes which re
A
projections from outer surface
16
Q
virion spikes are reliable and used for
A
identifcation
17
Q
virion helical virueses
A
hollow, cylindrical capsid
18
Q
virion polyhedral viruses
A
many sided
19
Q
what types of diseases have helical viruses
A
rabies and ebola
20
Q
what type of disease has a polyhedral virus shape
A
polio
21
Q
helical and polyhedral viruses can be
A
enveloped
22
Q
enveloped helical example
A
flu
23
Q
enveloped polyhedral example
A
herpes
24
Q
complex virues
A
complicated structures
25
virus genus name ends in
-virus
26
virus family names end in
-viridae
27
virus order names end in
-ales
28
viral species
group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (Host)
29
virus are group according to how their ____ is produced
mRNA
30
virus subspecies are designated by a
number
31
viruses must be grown in
living cells
32
bacteriophages are grown in
bacteria
33
bacteriophages form _______ which are clearings on a lawn
plaques
34
each bacteriophages plaque corresponds to a single virus and can be expressed as ______-_____ _____
plaque forming units (PFU)
35
the three main ways to grow animal viruses in the lab
in living animals
in cell cultures
in emqryonated eggs
36
what is the most convinent way to grow viruses
culture media
37
when we grow viruses in emqryonated eggs the virus is injected into the egg and viral growth is signaled by
changes or death of the embryo
38
when we grow animal viruses in the lab in cell cultures the tissues are treated with ________ to separate the cells
enzymes
39
when we grow animal viruses in the lab in cell cultures virally infected cells are detected via their deterioration known as
cytopathic effect (CPE)
40
when we grow animal viruses in the lab in cell cultures ________ cell lines are used
continous
41
viral identification
cytopathic effects, serological tests, nucleic acids
42
what is the most common viral identification
serological tests
43
type of serological test
western blotting reaction
44
western blotting
reaction of the virus with antibodies
45
for a virus to multiply it must do 2 things
must invade a host cell
it must take over the hosts metabolic machinery
46
the growth curve to see viral multiplication is called
one step
47
multiplication of bacteriophages 2 cycles
lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle
48
lytic cycle
phage causes lysis and death to host cell
49
lysogenic cycle
phage DNA is incorporated in the host DNA, phage conversion, specialized transduction and host cell remains alive
50
stages of lytic cycle in bacteriophages
attachment stage, penetration stage, biosynthesis stage, maturation/assembly stage, release stage
51
lytic cycle attachment stage:
phage attaches to the ____ ___
host cell
52
lytic cycle penetration stage:
phage penetrates the host cell and then injects ___
DNA
53
lytic cycle biosynthesis stage:
the phage causes the host DNA to break into ____ _____. The phage then uses the host machinery to synthesize new copies of its DNA
small pieces
54
lytic cycle maturation/assembly stage:
phage components are assembled into _____
virions
55
lytic cycle release stage:
the cell ____, releasing the phage virions that go on to infect other cells
lyses
56
temperate bacteriophages go through what cycles
lytic and lysogenic
57
the lysogenic cycle of temperate bacteriophages phage DNA forms a ______, which can either replicate and be transcribed to produce _____ _______ in the lytic cycle or can proceed to lysogenic cycle
circle, phage components
58
the lysogenic cycle starts after ________ stage of lytic cycle
biosynthesis
59
in the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA intergrates within the bacterial ________ by recombination, the inserted phage DNA is called a ________
chromosome, prophage
60
most of the phage proteins are repressed by two _______ proteins that are products of the phage genes
repressor
61
in the lysogenic cycle the prophage is excised from the host chromosome in a process called _________
induction
62
in the lysogenic cycle induction can occur spontaneously through __________ or some other genetic event or through the action of UV light or curtain chemical
recombination
63
in lysogenic cycle whenever the bacterium reproduces the prophage is
copied
64
T even bacteriophages the lytic cycle
attachment:
phage attaches by the tail fibers to the host cell
65
T even bacteriophage the lytic cycle
penetration:
phage lysozyme opens the cell wall; tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and DNA into the cell
66
T even bacteriophage the lytic cycle
biosynthesis:
production od phage DNA and proteins
67
T even bacteriophage the lytic cycle
maturation:
assembly of phage particles
68
T even bacteriophage the lytic cycle
release
phage lysozyme breaks the cell wall
69
what cycle do bacteriophage lambda go through
lysogenic cycle
70
lysogeny
phage remains latent
71
inserted phage DNA is known as a
prophage
72
bacteriophage lambda the lysogenic cycle results in phage conversion
the host cell exhibits new properties
73
results of bacteriophage lambda lysogenic cycle
lysogenic cells are immune to reinfection by the same phage
phage conversion which is when the host cell may exhibit new properties
make specialized transduction possible
74
the lysogenic cycle goes through _________ transduction
specialized
75
in specialized transduction specific bacterial genes transferred to another bacterium via a
phage
76
specialized transduction changes
genetic properties
77
multiplication of Animal Viruses
attachment
viruses attach to the cell membrane
78
how do animal viruses gain entry into the cell
receptor mediated endocytosis or fusion
79
multiplication of animal viruses
biosynthesis
production of nucleic acid and proteins
80
multiplication of animal viruses
maturation
nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble
