Exam #2 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella are long projections used in
A
motility
2
Q
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella are __ in number
A
few
3
Q
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella consist of _______ composed of the protein ______
A
microtubules, tubulin
4
Q
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella differ from each other in
A
structure
5
Q
Eukaryotic flagella have a __+__ array of microtubules
A
9+2
6
Q
in eukaryotes flagella what does 9+2 mean
A
microtubules are organized as 9 pairs in a ring plus 2 microtubules in the center
7
Q
how do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella differ in movement
A
prokaryotic flagella rotate while eukaryotic flagella produce a wave like movement
8
Q
glycolysis is the first of 3 principle phases in
A
carbohydrate catabolism
9
Q
during glycolysis ______ is oxidized to ______ ____ which can then either enter the ______ ___ or __________
A
glucose, pyruvic acid, Krebs cycle, fermentation
10
Q
Krebs cycle is cellular
A
respiration
11
Q
fermentation is ______ respiration
A
anaerobic
12
Q
in glycolysis glucose enters the cell and is phosphorylated, how much energy does this expire
A
1 ATP
13
Q
end products of glycolysis
A
2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
14
Q
what are the structural units of nucleic acids
A
nucleotides are the structural units of nucleic acids
15
Q
what are nucleotides made of
A
3 parts
- a pentose sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogen containing base
16
Q
DNA is ______ stranded
A
double
17
Q
RNA is ________ stranded
A
single
18
Q
DNA has the pentose
A
deoxyribose
19
Q
RNA has the pentose
A
ribose
20
Q
bases in DNA
A
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
21
Q
bases in RNA
A
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
22
Q
DNA backbone structure consists of
A
alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups
23
Q
DNA rungs of the ladder are
A
nitrogen containing bases
24
Q
DNA contains all of the ________ ______ for the organism
A
genetic instructions
25
RNA plays important roles in
protein synthesis
26
3 types of RNA
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA
27
in the general structure of an amino acid there is an _____ group, ______ group and a ___ group attached to the alpha carbon
amino, carboxyl, R
28
fimbriae are hair like appendages that allow for
attachment to each other and to surfaces
29
fimbrae are involved with forming
biofilms
30
fimbrae can also attach to
epithelial surfaces in the body
31
fimbrae on the bacterium ___________ help it colonize mucous membranes and once colonization occurs the bacteria can cause diease
N. Gonnorhoeae
32
fimbrae on the bacterium __________ allows it to adhere to the lining of the small intestine
E. coli 0157
33
the surface of the rough ER has
ribosomes
34
the smooth ER has no
ribosomes on the surface
35
the rough ER synthesizes
protiens
36
the smooth ER synthesizes
cell membranes, fats and hormones
37
passive transport processes do not require expenditure of energy by the cell because substances cross the membrane from an area of _____ concentration to an area of ____ concentration
high, low
38
simple diffusion: the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. this process continues until _______ is reached.
equilibrium
39
facilitated diffusion: ________ membrane proteins facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane. This process may involve a _________ transporter or a _______ transporter
integral, nonspecific, specific
40
osmosis: net movement of _____ molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration. Water molecules may pass through the membrane by _____ _______ or by the use of integral membrane proteins called _______
water, simple diffusion, aquaporins
41
fermentation: releases energy from other ______ moleules, does not require ________ (but can occur in its presence) does not require the use of the _____ cycle or an electron transport chain, and uses an organic moleules synthesized in the cell as the ________ _____ _______
organic, oxygen, Krebs, final electron acceptor
42
fermentation produces small or large amounts of ATP
small
43
2 important types of fermentation
lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
44
primary protein structure is _______ determined amino acid sequence
genetically
45
secondary protein structure have 2 shapes
helices and pleated sheets
46
tertiary protein structure the helices and pleated sheets fold to form a
3D shape
47
quaternary protein structure consists of
more than one polypeptide
48
what amino acid stereoisomer occurs most often in nature
L stereoisomer
49
why is ATP so significant to cells
ATP is able to store chemical energy, and release unuseable energy for use by the cell
50
protein function as
_____ that speed up chemical reactions
_______ proteins that move chemicals across membranes
______ used in motility
_______ toxins
and ____ structures
enzymes, transporter, flagella, bacterial, cell
51
protiens are made of
amino acids
52
amino acids consist of 3 groups
carboxyl group, amino group and side group
53
side group is known as
R group
54
the amino group is made up of what atoms
NH2
55
amino acid group looks like
N with 2 H's branching
56
carboxyl group is made up of what atoms
COOH
57
carboxyl group looks like
C with an OH branching and another H branching
58
the side group is the _______ feature
distinguishing
59
side group affects the
total structure of the amnio acid
60
peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by
dehydration synthesis
61
for every peptide bond formed one _____ is released
H2O
62
primary structure is a
polypeptide chain
63
bonds in primary structure
peptide bonds
64
secondary structure occurs when the amino acid chain
folds and coils
65
secondary structure forms
helix or pleated sheets
66
bonds in secondary structure
peptide and hydrogen
67
tertiary structure occurs when helix and sheets fold
irregularly
68
in tertiary structure the folding is not
repetitive or predicitable
69
bonds in tertiary and quaternary structure
peptide, hydrogen, ionic and disulfide bridges
70
quaternary structure consists of
2 or more polypeptides and functions as a single unit
71
conjugated proteins consist of amino acids and
other organic moleules
72
conjugated proteins are named after
non amino acid group
73
glycoproteins
sugar
74
nucleoprotiens
nucleic acids
75
lipoprotein
lipds
76
nucleic acids consist of
nucelotides
77
nucleic acids name is based off of
nitrogen containing base
78
nucelotides are made up of
five carbon (pentose) sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen containing base (purine/pyrimidine)
79
purine _____ ring
double
80
purine example
adenine and guanine
81
pyrimidine _____ ring
single
82
pyrimidine example
thymine, cytosine and uracil
83
nucleosides consist of
pentose
nitrogen containing base
84
DNA vs RNA nucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid
85
DNA vs RNA ribose
deoxyribose, ribose
86
DNA vs RNA shape
double helix, single stranded
87
DNA vs RNA what bonds with adenine
thymine, uracil
88
DNA vs RNA function
order of nitrogen bases form genetic instructions, participate in protein synthesis
89
why is ATP important
ATP is able to store chemical energy and release unusable energy to be used by the cell
90
structure of ATP
ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
91
when ATP forms into ADP one of 3 phosphate groups is released via
hydrolysis
92
ATP is generated by
phosphorylation
93
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes chromosome
one circular chromosome not in membrane, paired chromosome in nuclear membrane
94
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes histones and organelles
no, yes
95
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes cell wall
peptidoglycan (bacteria) and pseudomurein (archaea), polysaccharide if present
96
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes division
binary fission, mitosis
97
most bacteria are
monomorphic (single shape)
98
some bacteria are
pleomorphic (many shapes)
99
glycoclyx is found
external
100
glycoclyx is made of
polysaccharide
101
glycoclyx makes up
capsule/slime layer
102
capsule vs slime layer
neatly organized and firmly attached, unorganized and loosely attached
103
glycoclyx contributes to
virulence
104
flagella have 3 parts
filament, hook and basal body
105
filament
outermost region, contains the protein
106
hook
attaches to filament
107
basal body
consists of rods and pairs of rings, anchors flagella to cell membrane and wall
108
monotrichous and polar
flagella at one end of cell
109
lophotrichous and polar
tuft of flagella at one end
110
amphitrichous and polar
one flagella at both ends of cell
111
peritrichous
flagella all throughout the cell
112
flagella run and
tumble
113
archaella are made of
glycoprotein called archallins
114
achealla rotate like
flagella
115
archealla use ATP and lack
cytoplasmic core
116
axial filaments are also called
endoflagella
117
axial filaments are found in
spirochetes
118
axial filaments are anchored to
one end of the cell
119
axial filament structure is similar to
flagella
120
rotation of axial filaments causes cell to move like a
corkscrew
121
fimbrae are found in many gram
neg cells
122
fimbrae differ from flagella how?
shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella
123
fimbrae are hairlike appendages that allow for
attachment
124
fimbrae are distributed how?
polar/evenly distributed
125
fimbrae are involved with
biofilms
126
fimbrae help adhere to
epithelial
127
pili are longer than
fimbrae
128
how many pili per cell
1 to 2
129
pili are involved with
motility
130
pili 2 types of movement
gliding and twitching
131
gliding pili movement
smooth movement
132
twitching pili movement
makes contact with surface, short and jerk movement
133
conjuction pili
involved with DNA transfer
134
cell walls are responsible for
cell shape
135
cell walls protects from
adverse changes in the environment
136
cell walls prevent ______ lysis
osmotic
137
cell walls contribute to
pathogenicity
138
cell walls can be made of
peptidoglycan
139
cell walls peptidoglycan is a polymer of repeating __________ in rows, the 2 types are ____ and _____ and these are linked by _________
disaccharide, NAM, NAG, polypeptides
140
gram pos vs neg peptidoglycan
thick, thin
141
gram pos have _____ acids
teichoic
142
gram neg have an outer
membrane
143
gram neg have a _______ space
periplasmic
144
gram pos teichoic acid 2 types
lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid
145
lipoteichoic acid links cell wall to
plasma membrane
146
wall teichoic acid links
peptidoglycan
147
gram neg contains the periplasm which is
the region between the outer membrane and plasma membrane
148
the periplasm contains
peptidoglycan, and a high concentration of degradative enzymes and transport protiens
149
gram neg outer membrane is made of
lipopolysachharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids, porins
150
two parts of the lipopolysaccharides in the gram neg outer membrane
O poly saccharides and the Lipid A
151
o polysaccharide functions
as a antigen
152
lipid a is a endo or exotoxin
endotoxin
153
lipid a is embedded where in the membrane
top layer
154
when lipid A is released it can cause
severe symptoms
155
porins are
channels through membrane
156
functions of gram neg outermembrane
protect from phagocytes, barrier against antibiotics and lysosomes
157
gram pos vs neg number of rings in basal body of flagella
2, 4
158
gram pos vs neg produce what toxins
exotoxins, exotoxins and endotoxins
159
gram pos vs neg susceptibility to penicllin
high, low
160
gram pos cell wall is disrupted by
lysosome
161
acid fast cell wall contains a waxy lipid called
mycolic acid
162
in acid fast cell wall the mycolic acid is bound to
peptidoglycan
163
2 species that are acid fast
mycobacterium and nocardia
164
mycoplasms lack
cell walls
165
protoplasts are wall less gram
pos
166
spheroplasts are wall less gram
neg
167
protoplasts are spheroplasts are susceptible to
osmotic lysis
168
L forms are wall less cells that
swell into irregular shapes
169
archaea may or may not have
cell walls
170
archaea cell walls are made of
pseudomurien
171
archaea cell walls lack
peptidoglycan
172
plasma membrane is the
phospholipid bilayer
173
the plasma membrane phospholipid bilayer encloses the
cytoplasm
174
plasma membrane has ________ proteins on membrane surface
peripheral
175
plasma membrane has _______/________ protein that penetrate the membrane
integral/transmembrane
176
structure of the plasma membrane is the
fluid mosaic model
177
function of the plasma membrane
selective permeability
178
selective permeability allow passage
for some moleules but not others
179
plasma membrane contains enzymes for
ATP production
180
some plasma membrane have photosynthetic pigments on foldings called
chromatophores
181
damage of plasma membrane can cause
leakage of contents
182
passive process
substances move from high concentration to low, no energy used
183
types of passive processes
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
184
simple diffusion is the movement of a ________ from an area of high concentration to low, this will continue until ________ is met
solute, equilibrium
185
facilitated diffusion the solute combines with a ________ protein, this transports ____ and ________ _______
transport, ions, larger molecules
186
osmosis is the movement of water across a _______ ________ membrane from an area of high water to area of lower water concetration
selective permeable
187
osmosis can diffuses across the membrane in 2 ways
through lipid bilayer, or through aquaporins
188
3 solutions that affect osmosis
isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
189
isotonic solution
solution concentrate equals inside and outside the cell, water is at equilibrium
190
isotonic solution effect cells
they don't, cells stay the same
191
hypotonic solution
solute concentration is lower outside than inside cell
192
hypotonic solution effect on cells
water moves into cell causing burst/lysis
193
hypertonic solution
solute concentration is higher outside than inside cell
194
hypertonic solution effects on cells
water moves out of cell causing cell to shrink/plasmolysis
195
active processes
substances move from low concentration to high concentration, energy is used
196
active transport requires a _____ and ____, goes against gradient
protein, ATP
197
3 types of active tranport
uniport, antiport, symport
198
uniport
only transfer one type of molecule
199
antiport
transfer two types of molecules but in opposite directions
200
symport
transfer two types of molecules at the same time but is couples with a uniport channel
201
group translocation requires a _______ ____ and ____________ ___ (PEP); substance is ______ as it crosses the membrane
transporter protein, phosphoenolpyrivic acid, altered
202
cytoplasm is the substance
inside the plasma membrane
203
cytoplasm is what percent water
80
204
cytoskeleton is a series of
rods and fibers in cytoplasm
205
nuceliod 2 types
bacterial chromosomes, plasmids
206
bacterial chromosome
circular thread of DNA that contains cells genetic information
207
plasmids
extrachromosomal genetic elements, carry noncrucial genes
208
ribosomes are the site of
protein synthesis
209
ribosomes are made of protein and
rRNA
210
70s ribosomes are made up of
30S and 50S
211
70S ribosomes are found in
chloroplasts and mitochondria
212
80S proteins are made up of
60S and 40S
213
80S proteins can be found in 2 different locations
membrane bound on the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm
214
nucleus is a double or single membrane
double
215
nucleus contains the cells
DNA
216
in the nucleus the DNA is complexed with _____ ____ to form ________
histone proteins, chromatin
217
during mitosis and meiosis the chromatin condenses into
chromosomes
218
rough er vs smooth er ribosomes
studded with ribosomes, no ribosomes
219
rough er vs smooth er synthesis of what
protein, cell membranes, fats and hormones
220
golgi complex is a ______ organelle
transport
221
Golgi complex modifies ______ from the ER
proteins
222
Golgi complex transports modified proteins via _______ _______ to plasma membrane
secretory vesicles
223
lysosomes is a vesicle formed in the
Golgi complex
224
lysosomes contain
dogestive enzymes
225
vacuoles are cavities in the cell formed by
Golgi complex
226
vacuoles bring _____ into the cell
food
227
vacuoles provide ____ and ______
shape and storage
228
mitochondria have single or double membrane
double
229
two layer of mitochondria membrane
inner and outer
230
mitochondria contain inner folds called ______ and ______
cristae, fluid
231
mitochondria is involved with
cellular respiration
232
chloroplasts are locations of
photosynthesis
233
chloroplasts contain flattened membranes called _______ that contain chlorophyll
thylakoids
234
thylakoids exist in
stacks
235
one stack of thylakoids is called
granum
236
multiple stakes of thylakoids is called
granuma
237
peroxisomes oxidize ______ ___, destroy ___
fatty acids, H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
238
centrosomes are networks of protein fibers and
centroles
239
centrosomes form the _____ _____; which is critical in cell divison
mitotic spindle
240
centrosomes are sites of microtubule formation in _______ cells
nondividing
241
endospores are produced when
nutrients are depeleted
242
endospores are resistant to
heat, chemicals, radiation and dessication
243
endospores are produced by
bacillus and clostridium
244
sporulation
endospore formation
245
germenation
spores return to vegitative state
246
flagella are
long projections and few in number
247
cilia are
projections, numerous
248
flagella and cilia are projections for
locomotion or moving substances along cell surface
249
flagella and cilia both consist of
microtubules
250
microtubules are made of the protein
tubulin
251
cell wall vs glycocalyx where are they found
plants, algae, fungi; animal cells
252
cell wall vs glycocalyx carbohydrates?
made of carbs, carbs bonded to proteins and lipids in plasma membrane
253
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic structure similarities
phospholipid bilayer
integral and peripheral proteins
254
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic differences of structure
(only eukaryotic)
sterols
carbohydrates
255
sterols in eukaryotic cells are
complex lipids
256
carbs in eukaryotic cells are
used for attachment and cell to cell recognition
257
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic similarities of function
selective permeability, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport
258
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic differences of function
(only eukaryotic)
endocytosis
259
endocytosis 3 types
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
260
phagocytosis
psudeopods extend and engulf particles
261
pinocytosis
membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
262
receptor mediated endocytosis
substances bind to receptors in the membrane and it folds inward
263
some viruses enter the cell in which type if endocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
264
metachromatic granules
phosphate reserves
265
polysaccharide granules
energy reserves
266
lipid inclusions
energy reserves
267
sulfur granules
energy reserves
268
carboxysomes
contain enzyme ribulose for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis
269
gas vacuoles
protein covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy in aquatic prokaryotes
270
magnetosomes
iron oxide inclusions formed by several gram neg bacteria, destroys H2O2
271
life arose as simple organisms
3.5-4 billion years ago
272
first eukaryotes evolved
2.5 billion years ago
273
endosymbiosis
one organism living within another
274
ancestral eukaryote was able to develop a _______ nucleus when the plasma membrane folded around a ______, cell called __________
rudimentary, chromosome, nuceloplasm
275
endosymbiotic theory
larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells which developed the first eukaryotes
276
ingested photosynthetic cells became
chloroplasts
277
injected aerobic bacteria became
mitochondria
278
when could chloroplasts and mitochondria once have been bacteria
resemble bacteria in size and shape, contain circular DNA, reproduce indepenedently from cells
279
metabolism
buildup and breakdown of nutrients in a cell
provide energy
create substances needed to sustain life
280
2 main types of metabolism
catabolic and anabolic
281
catabolic
break down macromolecules into simple component parts
release energy
provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
exergonic
282
anabolic
build up macromolecules by combining simpler moleules
uses energy
endergonic
283
catabolic reactions provide the energy needed for
anabolic pathways
284
metabolic pathways are sequences of
enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in cell
285
metabolic pathways are determined by
enzymes
286
enzymes are biologic
catalysts
287
enzymes speed up
chemical reactions
288
reaction rate can be increased by
enzymes, increase temp, increase pressure, increase concentration
289
enzymes act on specific
substrate
290
enzymes lower the
activation energy for a chemical reation
291
normal enzyme substrate interaction
substrate contacts the enzymes active site to form an enzyme substrate complex
substrate Is transformed and rearranged into products which are released from the enzyme
enzyme is unchanged and can react with other substances
292
enzymes have specificity for
particular substrates
293
turn over number
number of substrate turned to products by one enzyme per SECOND
294
enzyme has 2 components
apopenzyme, cofactor/coenzyme
295
apopenzyme
protein portion
296
cofactor
non protein component
297
coenzyme
if the cofactor is organic
298
the apopenzyme and cofactor/coenzyme form
holoenzyme
299
coenzyme assists enzymes by being a
electron carrier
300
NAD+ is primarily involved with
catabolic reactions
301
NADP+ is primarily involved with
anabolic reactions
302
both NAD and NADP contain B vitamin ______ and function as _________ ____
niacin, electron carriers
303
flavin adenine dinucleotide vitamin b ________ and _______ ____
riboflavin, electron carrier
304
coenzyme A (CoA) vitamin B _________ ___ and functions in
panthetic acid, synthesis and break down of fat (Krebs cycle)
305
oxidoreductase
oxidation reduction enzymes
306
enzymes end in
-ase
307
transferase
transfer functional group
308
hydrolase
hydrolysis
309
lyase
removal of atoms with out hydrolysis
310
isomerase
rearrganment of atoms
311
ligase
joining of molecules, uses ATP
312
factors influencing enzymes
temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors
313
increase in temp _____ in chemical reactions
increase
314
high temp and extreme pH
denatures enzymes
315
increase in concentration causes enzyme to work at
max rate
316
inhibitors can bind 2 ways
reversibly or irreversibly
317
inhibitors can bind because
the chemical make up is similar to substrate
318
inhibitors do or do not go through chemical reactions
DO NOT
319
2 types of inhibitors
competitive or noncompetitive
320
competitive enzymes how do they work?
fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with substrate
321
noncompetitive enzymes how do they work?
interact with allosteric part of enzyme, process called allosteric inhibition, indirectly changes shape of active site
322
feedback inhibition
end product of a reaction allosterically (noncompetitive) inhibits enzymes earlier in pathway
323
ribozymes RNA that functions as ________ by binding to substrates and acting upon them
catalysts
324
ribozymes are or are not used up in reaction
not used up
325
ribozymes are used in cells to splice and cut up
RNA
326
ribozymes are involved in
protein synthesis in ribosomes
327
oxidation reactions
loss of electrons
328
reductions reactions
gain of electrons
329
redox reactions
oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction
330
phosphorylation 3 types
substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosprylation
331
substrate level phosphorylation
ATP is generated when high energy phosphate (PO4-) group is added to ADP
332
name of substrate level phosphorylation when process is out of mitochondria
glycolosis
333
name of substrate level phosphorylation when process is inside of mitochondria
Krebs Cycle
334
oxidative phosphorylation
electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along an electron transport chain (system) on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP
335
photophosprylation
occurs only in photosynthetic cells
light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP during the transfer of electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll as they pass through a system of carrier molecules
336
carbohydrate catabolism
break down of carbohydrates to release energy typically occurs in three principle stage
337
3 principle stages of carbohydrates catabolism
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
338
glycolysis glucose is made and
broken down constantly in cells
339
2 main phases in glycolosis
preparatory stage, energy conservation stage
340
preparatory stage
uses 2 moleules of ATP to phosphorylate glucose making it easier to break apart into two 3 carbon molceules
341
energy conservation stage/glycolosis products
4 ATP (only 2 NET ATP) and 2NADH 2 pyretic acid moleules
342
preparatory stage is divided into 2 more stages
energy investment stage, lysis stage
343
step 1 of glycolosis
phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose
344
step 2 of glycolosis
atoms of glucose 6 phosphate are rearranged to form fructose 6 phosphate
345
step 3 of glycolysis
further energy is invested in form of ATP, forming fructose 1, 6 biphosphate
346
energy investment stage summary
ATP us used to phosphorylate glucose
347
step 4 of glycolysis
fructose 1, 6 diphosphate is cleaved into two 3 carbon sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
348
step 5 of glycolysis
very rapid reaction, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
349
lysis stage summary
doubly phosphorylated glucose molecule is cleaved into 2 phosphorylated 3 carbon sugars
350
in glycolysis ATP is produced via ___________ ________ ______________ because the phosphate groups are transferred directly from the metabolic products to ADP
substrate level phosphorylation
351
glycolysis mainly uses
oxidation reactions
352
in glycolysis NADH is formed in step
6
353
in glycolysis ATP is formed in steps
7 and 9
354
additional pathways to glycolysis
pentose phospate pathway, Entner Doudoroff pathway
355
pentose phosphate pathway breaks down __ carbon pentose sugars and or glucose and produce ____
5, NADPH
356
pentose phosphate pathway operates simultaneously with
glycolysis
357
pentose phosphate pathway produces intermediates for synthesis of
nucelic acids and glucose
358
pentose phosphate pathway bacteria
bactilis subtils and e coli
359
enter doudoroff pathway produces
NADPH and ATP
360
enter doudoroff operates
independently
361
enter doudoroff occurs in gram
neg
362
enter doudoroff bacteria
pseudomonas, rhizobium and argobacterium
363
cellular respiration
oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate electron transport chain
364
aerobic respiration final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic
oxygen
365
reactions in the Krebs Cycle
oxidation reduction and decarboxylation
366
electron transfer chain occurs where in prokaryotes
plasma membrane
367
electron transfer chain occurs where in eukaroytes
inner mitochondrial membrane
368
electron transport chain is a series of carrier moleules that are
oxidizes and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
369
electron transfer chain energy is released is used to produce ATP by
chemiosmosis
370
chemiosmosis electrons (from NADH) pass down the electron transport chain while protons are pumped across the ________ this establishes a _______ _____
membrane, proton gradient
371
in chemiosmosis once the protons in higher concentration on one side of the membrane they diffuse through the ATP synthase which
releases energy to synthesize ATP
372
in anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic
molecule other than oxygen
373
anaerobic yields less or more energy than aerobic
less
374
fermentation is part of what respiration
anaerobic
375
fermentation occurs after glucose is oxidized into _____ ___ and it can also be converted to an _____ product in fermentation
pyruvic acid, organic
376
fermentation does not require
oxygen
377
fermentation releases energy from
sugars/organic moleules
378
in fermentation it uses a organic molecule synthesized in the cell as the
final electron acceptor
379
2 types of fermentation
lactic and alcohol
380
lactic acid fermentation produces
lactic acid
381
lactic acid fermentation glucose is oxidized to pyruivc acid which is then reduced by
NADH
382
2 types of lactic acid fermentation
homolactic and heterolactic
383
homolactic
produces only lactic acid
384
heterolactic
produces lactic acid and other compounds
385
alcohol fermentation produces
ethanol and CO2
386
alcohol fermentation glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid and is converted to acetaldehyde and ___; ____ reduces acetaldehyde to _______
CO2, NADH, ethanol
387
alcohol fermentation is carried out by
bacteria and yeasts
388
aerobic respiration has a total of __ ATP for 1 glucose
38
389
in aerobic respiration most ATP is produced by _________ ______ during ETC called ________ ______________
chemiosmotic mechanism, oxidative phosphorylation
390
photosynthesis uses water and CO2 to produce
glucose
391
the thylakoid membranes contain all of the components that participate in
light harvesting reactions
392
chlorophyll molecules that capture the
energy of light
393
light energy captured by chlorophyll is used to produce a
proton gradient during light dependent reactions and this proton gradient is used to produce ATP
394
carbon fixation
synthesis of sugars by using carbon atoms from CO2 gas
395
what types use water as hydrogen donor, which release O2
plants, algae, cynaobacteria
396
what types use H2S as hydrogen donor, producing sulfur granules
purple and green sulfur bacteria
397
2 stages of photosynthesis
light dependent and light indepenent
398
light dependent
light energy is used to convert ADP to ATP, electron carrier NADP+ is reduced to NADPH
399
3 pathways for light dependent
photophosphorylation, cyclic photophosphorylation, noncyclic photophosphorylation
400
photophosphorylation, light energy is absorbed by __________ moleules in the photosyntheic cell, exciting some of the molecules ________, excited electrons jump from chlorophyll to the first series of _______ ______, as electrons are passed along the series of carriers, _______ are pumped across the membrane and ADP is converted to ATP by __________
chlorophyll, electrons, carrier molecules, protons, chemiosmosis
401
chlorophyll in photosystem 1 is sensitive to wavelengths of light of
700nm
402
cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons released in photosystem 1 eventually returns to
chlorophyll
403
electrons in photosystem 1 stay in
photosystem
404
noncyclic photophosphorylation, used in ______ organisms, both __________ are required, electrons released from the chlorophyll in photosystem 1 and 2 do not return to ________ but become incorporated into _______, electrons lost from chlorophyll are replaced by electrons from _____, products are: ____, __, ___
oxygenic, photosystems, chlorophyll, NADPH, H2O, ATP, O2, NADPH
405
light independent is also known as
Calvin benson
406
light independent do not require
light directly
407
in light independent CO2 is ______, used to synthesize sugars
fixed
408
phototrophs
use light energy to drive ATP production
409
chemotrophs
depend on oxidation reduction reactions of inorganic/organaic compounds for energy
410
autotrophs
self feeders, use CO2
411
autotrophs are referred to as
lithographs (rock eating)
412
heterotrophs
feeders on others, require organic carbon source
413
heterotrophs are referred to as
organotrophs
414
photoautotrophs
use energy obtained initially from light in the Calvin benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar
415
photoautotrophs can be either _____ which it produces oxygen or ________ does not produce oxygen
oxygenic, anoxygenic
416
photoheterotrophs
use organic compounds as a source of carbon, anoxygenic
417
chemoautotrophs
obtain energy from inorganic compounds, use CO2 as carbon source, energy is used in Calvin benson cycel to fix CO2
418
chemoheterotrophs
obtain energy and carbon from organic chemicals, specifically uses the electrons from hydrogen atoms found in organic compiunds as their energy source, mediacally and economically important
419
anabolism
biosynthesis of biological moleules, requires energy
420
where do amino acids required for protein synthesis come from
organisms with the necessary enzymes can synthesis all amnio acids directly or indirectly from intermediates of carbohydrafe metabolism, other microbes require that the environment provdide some preformed amino acids
421
amphibolic pathways
metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism, bridge between catbaolic and anabolic
422
example of amphibolic pathway
Krebs cycle
423
for every 2 moleules of CoA that enter the cycle ___ molecules of CO2 are liberated by __________, _ molecules of NADH and _ moleules of FADH2 are produced by __________ _____ reactions, and __ ATP are generated by ________ _____ _________
4, decarboxylation, 6, 2, oxidation reduction, 2, substrate level phosphorylation
424
the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are the most important products of the Krebs cycle because
they contain most of the energy that was originally stored in glucose
425
flavoprotein
capable of preforming alternating oxidation and reductions
426
cytochromes
proteins with iron containing group, capable of existing alternately as reducing for and oxidized form
427
ubiquinones
small non protein carriers
428
flavoprotein, cytochromes, ubiquinones are involved with
electron transport chain
429
important feature of the electron transport chain is the presence of some carriers that accept and release _______ and ______ and others carriers that transfer only __________
protons and electrons, electrons
430
the buildup of protons provides energy that chemiosmotic mechanism uses to generated
ATP
431
ATP synthesis uses the electron transport chain called ________ and it involves ________ _____
chemiosmosis, oxidative phosphorylation
