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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

investigates body structure. relationship b/w structure & function

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2
Q

Levels of Anatomy

A
  1. Developmental, Cytology, Histology, Gross Anatomy, Surface Anatomy, Anatomical Imaging
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3
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Structure changes from conception - adult

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4
Q

Cytology

A

microscope. Structure feature of cells

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5
Q

Histology

A

microscope. Tissues (cells & surrounding material)

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6
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

without micro. systematically or regionally.
Systematically: group of structures w/ 1+ common function (cardio,resp…)
Region: by area (head, abdomen, arm)

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7
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

looking @ exterior to visualize (sternum)

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8
Q

Anatomical Anatomy

A

Imaging. X-rays, MRI (pictures of internal structures), little risk for reward.

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9
Q

Anatomical Anomalies

A

physical characteristics that differ from normal

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10
Q

What is Physiology?

A

investigation of process/functions. Understand/predict body’s response to stimuli/ how body maintains condition with changing enviro. Systems over region.

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11
Q

Levels of Physiology

A
  1. Cell Physiology, Systemic Physiology,Pathology, Exercise Physiology
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12
Q

Cell Physiology

A

processes occurring in cells

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13
Q

Systemic Physiology

A

functions of organ systems (neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology)

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14
Q

Pathology

A

disease, causes/development, functional changes

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15
Q

Exercise Physiology

A

function/structure from exercise

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16
Q

Levels of Organization of Body

A

Chemical, Cell, Tissue , Organ, Organ System, Organism

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17
Q

Level: Chemical

A

atoms combine to form molecules. Building blocks of matter. (water, sugar, lipid, protein)

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18
Q

Level: Cell

A

molecules form organelles (small structures inside cells). (nucleus, mitochondria)

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19
Q

Level: Tissue

A

made up of similar cells & surrounding material. Characteristics determine function.
4 types- epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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20
Q

Level: Organ

A

different tissues combine to form organ. Perform 1+ common function. (urinary bladder etc)

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21
Q

Level: Organ system

A

organs make up system. viewed as unit.
Urinary: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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22
Q

Level: Organism

A

organ systems…. organism= human

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23
Q

6 Characteristics of Life

A

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction

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24
Q

Characteristic: Organization

A

refers to specific interrelationships/how interact to preform functions. Disruption - loss of function/death

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25
Characteristic: Metabolism
refers to all chemical reactions in Organism . Energy/cell shape
26
Characteristic: Responsiveness
organism sense change and responds, internal & external
27
Characteristic: Growth
increase in size/ # of cells - growth (muscles)
28
Characteristic: Development
organism changes from 0 to death. Differentiation & Morphogenesis
29
Characteristic Reproduction
formation of new cells/new organisms w/o reproduction of cells, no growth/development - extinct
30
Differentiation
Characteristic of Development. change in cell structure. immature cell to skin/bone/muscle. forms tissues/organs
31
Morphogenesis
change of shape of tissue/organ. entire organism.
32
What is Homeostasis?
relatively constant environment within body. Actively regulates for changing conditions (variables, body temp) normal range surrounds set point. Disease disrupts.
33
Negative Feedback
any change from set point is smaller/resisted Ex: neg feedback during blood loss- heart rate increases, restores blood pressure.
34
Negative Feedback Loop
Recepter, control center, effector
35
Receptor
monitors value of variables
36
control center
brain establishes set point- hypothalamus
37
effector
adjust value of variable-sweat glands. Changed variable - stimulus.
38
Positive Feedback
response to stimulus results. greater deviation from set point ex: birth - uterus stretching until contracting after baby is born ex: blood clots during blood loss. Produces more clot but resources deplete and stops. Or else die b/c no blood can reach heart bc clotting
39
How many systems are there in the body?
11
40
Integumentary System
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D. -Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
41
Skeletal System
provides protection/support, allows body to move, produces blood cells, stores minerals/adipose -bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
42
Muscular System
body movements, posture, body heat -muscles attached to skeleton by tendons
43
Lymphatic System
removes toxins from blood/lymph, combats disease, tissue/fluid balance, fats/digestive -Lymph vessels, nodes, lymph organs
44
Respiratory system
exchanges oxygen/co2 between blood/air/regulates blood PH -Lung, respiratory passages
45
Digestive System
mech/chem process of digestion, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste -Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
46
Nervous system
major regulatory influences metabolism, growth, and reproduction -glands (pituitary) secrete hormones
47
Cardiovascular system
transport nutrients, waste, gases, hormones throughout body, immune response, regulate body temp -heart, blood vessels, blood
48
Urinary System
removes waste from blood/regulates PH, Ion, water balance -kidneys, bladder, ducts that carry urine
49
Reproductive System
Female: oocytes, fertilization site, fetal development, milk, sex hormones function & behavior - ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, mammary glands Male: production/transfer of sperm, hormones function & behavior -testes, access structures, ducts, penis
50
Quadrants in body
4 -Right Upper. -Left Upper (stomach) -Right Lower (appendix) -Left Lower
51
Regions in Body
9 Right Hypochondriac , Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
52
Planes
1. Saggital 2. Transverse 3. Frontal
53
Saggital Plane
vertical separated, right/left
54
Median (Saggital Plane)
equal vertical of left/right
55
transverse plane
horizontal- parallel to ground superior/inferior
56
frontal plane (coronal)
vertical, anterior(front), posterior(back)
57
Longitudinal Section Cut
cut through length of organ
58
Transverse Section Cut
cross section, cut at right angle to length
59
Oblique section cut
cut across length of organ other than right angle. (oval shape in intestine)
60
Thoracic Cavity
Rib cage surrounds. Separated from abdominal by muscular diaphram
61
Mediastinum
separates right/left thoracic cavity -heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, lungs separated
62
Abdominal Cavity
-sometimes called Abdominal pelvic b/c no separation between abdominal/pelvic. -Abdominal muscles enclose Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney
63
Pelvic Cavity
pelvic bones encase bladder, part of large intestine, interior reproductive
64
Serous Membrane
lines trunk cavities/cover organs Parietal (outer layer) serous fluid in-between layers Visceral (covering organs, inner layer)
65
Pericardial (thoracic cavity)
heart Parietal Pericardial Visceral Pericardial Pericarditis (inflamed serous membrane in pericardium)
66
Pleural (thoracic cavity)
lungs Parietal pleura Visceral pleura pleurisy (inflamed pleural cavity membrane)
67
Peritoneal (Abdominopelvic cavity)
abdomen/pelvic Parietal peritoneal visceral peritoneal Peritonitis (inflamed peritoneal cavity membrane)
68
mesenteries
anchor organs in place. provide passage way for blood vessels/nerves to organs. some organs don't have this...retropertioneal
69
Retroperitoneal
- behind peritoneum some organs that don't have mesenteries... kidneys, pancreas, part of intestines, urinary bladder, adrenal glands

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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