Chapter 5

Question 1

what does integumentary system do?

Answer 1

separates/protects from external environment.
-sensation, temp reg, Vitamin D, excretion of small amount of waste products

Question 2

Epidermis is what epithelium

Answer 2

stratified squamous epithelium, divided into 5 strata (regions)

Question 3

stratum basale

Answer 3

keratinocytes (product cells of superficial strata)

Question 4

stratum spinosum

Answer 4

several layers of cells held together by desmosomes

Question 5

stratum granulosum

Answer 5

cells filled with granules of keratohyalin.
cell death occurs.

Question 6

stratum lucidum

Answer 6

layer of dead, transparent cells

Question 7

stratum corneum

Answer 7

consists of many layers of dead squamous cells. most superficial cells slough off.

Question 8

keratinization

Answer 8

transformation of living cells of stratum basale into dead squamous cells of stratum corneum
- keratinized cells have protective barrier - structural strength. cells not shed.

Question 9

thick skin

Answer 9

has all 5 epithelial strata

Question 10

thin skin

Answer 10

contains less layers per stratum. hair is only found here. stratum lucid is usually absent.

Question 11

melanocytes

Answer 11

produce melanin inside melanosomes and transfer melanin to keratinocytes. size/distribution of melanosomes determine skin color. genetic but influenced by UV and hormones.

Question 12

carotene

Answer 12

ingested plant pigment, causes skin to be yellowish

Question 13

red skin color

Answer 13

-increased blood flow

Question 14

cyanosis

Answer 14

• decreased blood flow / decreased oxygen
  -pale/ blue skin

Question 15

dermis

Answer 15

connective tissue, 2 layers: papillary and reticular

Question 16

papillary layer

Answer 16

layer of dermis.
-projections called dermal papillae, composed of loose connective tissue and capillaries

Question 17

reticular layer

Answer 17

-main layer of dermis
-dense irregular connective tissue consisting mostly of collagen

Question 18

subcutaneous tissue

Answer 18

located beneath dermis. loose connective tissue that contains collagen/elastic fibers
- attaches the skin to underlying structures.
-site of lipid storage

Question 19

lanugo

Answer 19

fetal hair
-replaced near time of birth with terminal hairs and velds hairs

Question 20

hair 3 parts

Answer 20

shaft, root, hair bulb

Question 21

root/shaft of hair

Answer 21

-composed of dead keratinized epithelial cells. -cortex cells containing hard keratin surround medulla of soft keratin.
-cortex is covered by cuticle (single layer of hard keratin)

Question 22

hair bulb produces

Answer 22

hair in cycles (growth and resting stage)

Question 23

hair color determined by

Answer 23

amount and kind of melanin present

Question 24

arrector pili muscles

Answer 24

smooth muscle contraction causes hair to “stand on end” and produces “goose bumps”

Question 25

sebaceous glands

Answer 25

produce sebum - oils hair and surface of skin

Question 26

eccrine sweat glands

Answer 26

produce sweat (cools body)

Question 27

apocrine sweat glands

Answer 27

produce organic secretion that gets broken down by bacteria - body odor

Question 28

ceruminous glands

Answer 28

ear wax

Question 29

mammary glands

Answer 29

produce milk

Question 30

nail root / nail body

Answer 30

nail root is covered by skin nail body is visible

Question 31

nail matrix

Answer 31

forms almost all of nail. nail bed contributes -lanula (white on thumb)

Question 32

nail material

Answer 32

stratum corneum containing hard keratin

Question 33

skin protects against

Answer 33

abrasion, UV, microorganisms, reg body temp, prevents water loss

Question 34

hair protects against

Answer 34

abrasion, UV, heat insulator

Question 35

nails protect

Answer 35

ends of digits

Question 36

skin contains sensory receptors

Answer 36

pain, touch, hot, cold, pressure...allow proper responses to enviro

Question 37

skin controls heat loss by

Answer 37

dilation/ constriction of blood vessels. -sweat glands produce sweat, evaporates and lowers body temp

Question 38

Skin exposed to UV

Answer 38

produces cholecalciferol - modified in liver and kidneys to produce vitamin D -vitamin D increases blood calcium from small intestine

Question 39

skin glands remove...

Answer 39

small amounts of waste products (urea, uric acid, ammonia) but not important amounts

Question 40

partial-thickness burns

Answer 40

damage only epidermis (1st*) epidermis & dermis (2nd*)

Question 41

full thickness burns

Answer 41

3rd*. destroy epidermis, dermis and underlying tissue. skin graft usually necessary.

Question 42

as body ages..

Answer 42

blood flow to skin declines, skin becomes thinner and elasticity is lost -sebaceous and sweat glands become less active, # of melanocytes decreases (gray hair)