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A&P 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

Mass

A

amount of matter in an object

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3
Q

Weight

A

force exerted by earths gravity on matter

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4
Q

Element

A

simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties

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5
Q

Atom

A

smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element. Only composed of one kind of atom.

-Proton
-Neutron
-Electron

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6
Q

Proton

A

positively charged atoms
In nucleus

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7
Q

Neutron

A

have no charge
In nucleus

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8
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged atoms
around nucleus in cloud

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9
Q

Atomic #

A

protons in atom (same as electrons)

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10
Q

Mass #

A

Protons + Neutrons =

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms with same atomic # but different mass # (Different Neutrons)

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12
Q

Atomic Mass

A

average mass that’s naturally occurring isotopes weighted according to abundance.

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13
Q

Mole

A

substances containing Avogadros # (6.022x10^23) of atoms, icons, or molecules.

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14
Q

Molar Mass

A

mass of 1 mole of the substance in grams (g)

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15
Q

Chemical behavior is determined by what

A

outermost electrons (outer shell called Valence Shell)
Inside layers - 2, Outside layers =8

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16
Q

Ions

A

atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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17
Q

Cation

A

Positive charged, atom that loses 1 or more electrons

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18
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged after accepting 1 or more electrons

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19
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Transfer of Electrons.
attraction of oppositely charged cation and anion to each other.

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20
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Shared electrons.

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21
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

when sharing of electrons is unequal and can produce polar molecule that is electrically asymmetric.

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22
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that acts like independent unit

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23
Q

Compound

A

two or more different types of atoms chemically combined

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24
Q

molecular mass

A

adding up atomic masses of its atoms (or ions)

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25
Hydrogen bond
weak attraction between H+ and H- or other polar molecule. Important in determining properties of water and 3D of large molecules
26
Solubility
ability of one substance to dissolve in another.
27
Electrolytes
ionic substances (with charge) that dissolve in water by dissociation
28
Nonelectrolytes
molecules that do not dissociate in water
29
Synthesis Reaction
chemical combination of two or more substances to form a new larger substance. Small to Big.
30
Dehydration Reaction
synthesis reaction where water is produced
31
Anabolism
sum of all synthesis reactions occur in body (ATP, proteins, carbs, lips etc) growth, maintenance, repair, can't do without
32
Decomposition Reaction
chemical breakdown of a larger substance to two or more different smaller substances. Big to small.
33
Hydrolysis reaction
decomposition reaction in which water is depleted
34
Catabolism
sum of all decomposition reactions in body. Food digestion, breakdown of fat stores, foreign matter in blood etc.
35
Reversible reactions
produce equilibrium condition where reactants vs products remains the same. Converted back to original. rate of products form = rate of reverse reaction
36
oxidation-reduction reaction
involve complete(ionic bond) or partial transfer (covalent) of electrons between atoms
37
Energy
ability to do work (move matter)
38
Potential energy
stored energy (ball in hand at arms length)
39
Kinetic energy
energy resulting from movement of an object. (ball released from hand falls towards floor and back to hand)
40
Mechanical energy
position or movement of objects. (limb, breathing, circulating blood)
41
Chemical energy
- form of potential energy - when products contain more potential energy than require the input of energy -when products have less potential energy than reactants release energy
42
Heat energy
-energy that flows between objects at different temperatures -released in chemical reactions (responsible for body temp)
43
Activation energy
minimum energy that reactants must have to start chem reaction
44
enzymes
-specialized protein catalysts that lower activation energy for chem reactions. - speed up chem reactions but are not consumed/altered during
45
what increases rate of chem reactions?
increased temp & concentration
46
Water
polar molecule of 1 atom of oxygen, 2 atoms of hydrogen - form hydrogen bonds -stabilizes body temp, protects against friction/trauma, makes chem reactions possible, directly participates in chem reactions (hydrolysis/dehydration), mixing medium (solutions, suspensions, colloids).
47
mixture
combo of two or more substances physically blended together but not chem combined
48
solution
any liquid, gas or solid - uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between the substances
49
solute vs solvent
solute dissolves in solvent
50
suspension
mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together
51
colloid
mixture where dispersed (solute like) substance is distributed throughout dispersing (solvent like) substance. particles do not settle out of a colloid.
52
osmole
contains avogrado's # (6.022 x 10^23) of particles (atoms, ions, molecules) in 1 kg of water
53
milliosmole
1/1000 of osmole
54
Acids vs bases - donates/accepts
Acid: Proton H+ donors Base: OH- are proton acceptors
55
Strong vs weak Acid/Base
strong acid/base almost completely dissociates in water. a weak acid/base partially dissociates
56
Neutral Solution
H+ = OH- , pH 7
57
Acidic solutions
H+ > OH- , pH <7 less than
58
Basic or Alkaline solutions
H+ < OH- , pH > 7 greater than
59
salt
molecule consisting of cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-. salts form when acids react with bases
60
buffer
solution of conjugate acid-base pairs that resist changes in PH when acids or bases are added to solution
61
organic molecules contain what
carbon and hydrogen bound together by covalent bonds
62
monosaccharides
building blocks of other carbs. Ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, galactose. (glucose esp important)
63
disaccharide
molecules formed by dehydration reactions of two monosaccharides. Broken apart by hydrolysis. Sucrose, lactose, maltose
64
polysaccharide
composed of many monosaccharides bound together in long chain. -cellulose, starch, glycogen
65
triglycerides
composed of glycerol and fatty acids. 1,2,3 can attach to glycerol molecule energy is stored in fats
66
fatty acids
straight chains of carbon with carboxyl group. can be saturated (1 single covalent bond b/w carbon) or unsaturated (have 1+ double covalent bonds b/w carbon)`
67
phospholipids
lipids where fatty acid is replaced with phosphate containing molecule. phospholipids are major structural component of plasma
68
steroids
are lipids with four interconnected rings. cholesterol,bile salts, and sex hormones
69
lipids
fat soluble vitamins, prostaglandins, thromboxjnes, and leukotrienes
70
building block of protein
amino acids joined by peptide bonds
71
what determines structure of a protein
1: #, kind, arrangement 2: hydrogen bonds b/w amino acids 3: hydrogen bonds b/w amino and water (helix) 4: interactions between protein subunits
72
enzymes
protein catalysts that speed up chem reactions by lowering activation energy - active sites only bind to specific reactants
73
enzymes
protein catalysts that speed up chem reactions by lowering activation energy - active sites only bind to specific reactants - cofactors are ions/organic molecules (vitamins) that are req for some enzymes to function
74
Nucleotide
basic unit of nucleic acid. -monosaccharide with an attached phosphate and nitrogenous base - deoxyribose, adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine. - DNA is double strand of joined nucleotides (complementary/antiparallel)
75
Gene
sequence of DNA nucleotides that determine structure of a protein or RNA
76
RNA nucleotides
- monosaccharide ribose -thymine of DNA is replaced with uracil
77
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
stores energy from catabolism. Energy released from ATP is used in anabolism and other cell processes.

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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