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pharmacology unit 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a condition (a situation or factor) that serves as a reason not to take a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the patient

A

contraindications

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2
Q

a reason to use a certain treatment

A

indications

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3
Q

drugs ending in -ine

A

alkaloids

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4
Q

two examples of alkaloids

A

atropine
caffeine

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5
Q

drugs ending in - in

A

glycosides

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6
Q

two examples of glycosides

A

digoxin
digitoxin

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7
Q

what kind of ingredients are binders, emulsifiers, coatings, flavorings, preservatives

A

inactive ingredients

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8
Q

pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the _________ uses and ______ of drugs

A

therapeutic
effects

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9
Q

four sources of drugs

A

plants
minerals
bacteria/molds
animals

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10
Q

The study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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11
Q

three methods for drug selection

A

Diagnostic
Empirical
Symptomatic

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12
Q

Drug selection method:

Thorough diagnostics-tests and diagnosis reached

A

diagnostic

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13
Q

Drug selection method:

Experience and common sense

A

Empirical

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14
Q

Drug selection method:

Treat specific symptoms

A

Symptomatic

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15
Q

Plan for administering drugs

A

regimen

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16
Q

Four things that a pharmacy regimen must include:

A

The route of administration (parenteral or otherwise)
The amount to be given (dosage)
How often the drug is to be given (frequency)
How long the drug will be given (duration)

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17
Q

The route of administration of injectable drugs

A

parenteral - given through the needle

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18
Q

four ways of parenteral administration

A

IM
IV
IO
Sub Q

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19
Q

Six things that must be included in prescription orders

A

The name of the drug and concentration
The amount to be given (dosage)
The route of administration How often the drug is to be given (frequency)
How long the drug will be given (duration)
The quantity to dispense

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20
Q

Drugs that have Less potential for toxicity or adverse reactions

A

OTC - over the counter

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21
Q

drugs that have a greater potential for harm

A

Prescription

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22
Q

What is this statement referred to as:

“Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.”

A

Legend

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23
Q

Prescription drugs and Extralabel use requires a valid what?

A

Veterinary-Client-Patient-Relationship (VCPR)

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24
Q

three things very specific to drug usages/approvals

A

particular species
Particular indications
Particular regimens

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25
Q

use of a drug in a way not specified by the label

A

extralabel use

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26
Q

the client must be informed about what kind of drug use

A

extralabel

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27
Q

when is extralabel usage frowned upon

A

when there is a labeled alternative

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28
Q

which drugs have the potential for abuse or dependence

A

controlled substances

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29
Q

Two things required for controlled substances

A

Careful records (DEA) – “Controlled drug log”
Locked storage

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30
Q

The complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered to a patient.

The branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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31
Q

Five steps to Pharacokinetcs

A

1) Drug administration
2) Drug absorption
3) Drug distribution
4) Drug metabolism
5) Drug elimination

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32
Q

Another name for biotransformation

A

metabolism

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33
Q

Another name for excretion

A

elimination

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34
Q

describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form

A

liberation

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35
Q

Five routes of drug administration

A

Oral
Parenteral
Inhalant
Topical
Per rectum

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36
Q

The degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the systemic circulation

A

bioavailability

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37
Q

Nine factors that can effect drug absorption

A

Mechanism of absorption
pH of the drug
Charge on the drug
Absorptive surface area
Blood supply
Solubility
Dosage form
GI tract status
Other drug interaction

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38
Q

three mechanisms for drug absorption

A

Passive transport (diffusion along the concentration gradient)
Passive transport with a carrier
Active transport

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39
Q

The process by which a drug is carried from its site of absorption to its site of action

A

Drug distribution

40
Q

Four steps in the process of drug distribution

A

Absorption site into the plasma of the bloodstream > interstitial fluid that surrounds cells > intracellular fluid > cellular receptors

41
Q

Five factors that impact the rate of drug distribution

A

If the drug is protein bound it becomes inactive
Lipid solubility
Charge
Physiologic barriers
Disease processes

42
Q

Four kinds of physiologic barriers to drug distribution

A

Blood-brain barrier
Blood-placenta barrier
Blood-retina barrier
Blood-testes barrier

43
Q

The body’s ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered into a form that be eliminated from the body

A

Biotransformation (metabolism)

44
Q

where does most biotransformation occur

A

the liver

45
Q

what is a drug called once it’s been biotransformed

A

metabolites

46
Q

Five factors that can alter drug biotransformation

A

species
age
nutritional status
tissue storage
health status

47
Q

when a drug becomes more water soluble it is more susceptible to what

A

urine elimination

48
Q

Four chemical reactions induced by microsomal enzymes from the liver

A

oxidation
reduction
hydrolysis
conjugation

49
Q

chemical reaction from microsomal enzymes from the liver:

loss of electron

A

oxidation

50
Q

chemical reaction from microsomal enzymes from the liver:

gain of electron

A

reduction

51
Q

chemical reaction from microsomal enzymes from the liver:

split with water added

A

hydrolysis

52
Q

chemical reaction from microsomal enzymes from the liver:

add glucuronic acid to drug molecule

A

conjugation

53
Q

where does drug elimination (excretion) mostly occur

A

kidney

54
Q

two ways that drug elimination (excretion) occurs in the kidney

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular secretion

55
Q

Where can drug elimination (excretion) also occur - besides the kidneys

A

the liver

56
Q

two ways that elimination (excretion) occurs in the liver

A

Conjugated to bile
Eliminated with food waste

57
Q

three ways that drug elimination (excretion) can also happen, besides liver and kidney

A

into milk
exhaled breath
sweat and saliva

58
Q

what does AUC stand for

A

area under the curve

59
Q

The overall amount of drug in the bloodstream after a dose

A

area under the curve (AUC)

60
Q

The lowest concentration of a drug in the blood after a dose is given

A

Cmin or trough

61
Q

when does the Cmin or trough usually happen

A

right before the next dose is given

62
Q

The amount of time it takes for the drug concentration in the blood to decrease by half.

A

half life

63
Q

what is the half life important for determining

A

how often the drug is to be given

64
Q

maximum concentration of a drug in the blood

A

Cmax

65
Q

Occurs when a person has been on a drug for enough time (usually weeks) so the drug concentration does not build up in the bloodstream any longer; it remains consistent.

A

steady state

66
Q

what does the steady state of a drug depend on

A

the half life

67
Q

a drug usually gets to steady state after what

A

4 to 5 half lives

68
Q

The study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body.

“What it does to the body”

A

Pharmacodynamics

69
Q

drugs are combined with what in the blood

A

receptors (lock and key system)

70
Q

how strongly a drug wants to stick to a receptor

A

affinity

71
Q

drug that causes a specific action and has a high level of affinity and efficacy

A

agonist

72
Q

a drug with less affinity and efficacy

A

partial agonist

73
Q

a drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor

A

antagonist

74
Q

the degree to which a drug produces the desired response - how well does the drug work

A

efficacy

74
Q

the amount of drug needed to produce the desired response

A

potency

75
Q

relationship between the drug’s ability to produce the desired effect and toxic effects.

A

therapeutic index

76
Q

dose of drug that is lethal to 50% of animals in a dose related trial

A

LD50

77
Q

the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals in a dose related trial

A

ED (effective dose) 50

78
Q

how is therapeutic index figured

A

LD50/ED50

79
Q

the higher (larger the number) the therapeutic index means what

A

the greater level of safety (fentanyl has a low therapeutic index so that is why small doses can be lethal)

80
Q

an undesirable response from a drug

A

adverse effects

81
Q

administering a higher dose of a drug until an appropriate blood level is reached

A

loading dose

82
Q

using effective drug to get the desired effect but no more

A

minimum effective dose

83
Q

two examples of drugs used to minimum effective dose

A

Anesthetic induction agents
Prednisone

84
Q

PRN dosing

A

as needed dosing

85
Q

Start or stop drug administration when needed to relieve symptoms

Often done with pain medications, antihistamines, and other symptomatic treatments

A

PRN dosing/”as needed” dosing

86
Q

PRN” is a Latin term that stands for “pro re nata,” which means what

A

“as the thing is needed”

87
Q

Allows the body to adjust to not having the exogenous drug

A

tapering doses

88
Q

example of a drug to be tapered

A

prednisone

89
Q

Altered pharmacology response caused by the presence of a second drug

A

Drug Interactions

90
Q

Drug interactions cause increased and decreased what

A

functionality

91
Q

three classifications of drug interactions

A

pharmacokinetic
pharmacodynamic
pharmaceutic

92
Q

drug interaction where plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by the presence of another drug

A

pharmacokinetic interaction

93
Q

drug interaction where the action or effect of one drug is altered by another, occurs at site of drug action.

Action can be antagonistic, additive or synergistic

A

Pharmacodynamic interaction

94
Q

drug interaction that is a physical or chemical reaction that takes place in the syringe/container

A

pharmaceutic

pharmacology unit 1 (10 decks)

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