Chapter 1

Question 1

– refers to the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

two categories/classification/kind of anatomy

Answer 2

Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy

Question 3

deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye. Structures such as muscles, bones, digestive organs, or skin can be examined, historically, by means of cadaveric dissections

Answer 3

Gross anatomy

Question 4

is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

Answer 4

Microscopic anatomy

Question 5

– refers to the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Answer 5

Physiology

Question 6

Anatomy and physiology are always ___. The parts of your body form a ____ unit, and each has a job to make the body operate as a ___. ___ determines what functions can take place

Answer 6

inseparable;
well-organized;
whole;
Structure

Question 7

Levels of Structural Organization (6)

Answer 7

Chemical level
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal

Question 8

Human Organs System (11)

Answer 8

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reprodcutive (Male and Female)

Question 9

___ system

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes _____; location of ____ receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands,

Answer 9

Integumentary;

vitamin D;
sensory

Question 10

____ System

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; ____ cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.

Answer 10

Skeletal;

blood;

Question 11

____ System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces ___.

Answer 11

Muscular;

heat

Question 12

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to interal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Answer 12

Nervous system

Question 13

___ System

Glands secrete ___ that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.

Answer 13

Endocrine;

hormones

Question 14

____ System

___ transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.; the ___ pumps blood.

Answer 14

Cardiovascular;

Blood vessels;
heart

Question 15

___ System

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to ___; disposes of debris in the ____; houses ____ cells involved in immunity.

Answer 15

Lymphatic;

blood;
lymphatic stream;
white blood

Question 16

____ System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with ___ and removes ___; gas exchange occurs through the walls of the ___ of the lungs

Answer 16

Respiratory;

oxygen;
carbon dioxide;
air sacs

Question 17

___ System

Breaks food down into ____ that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestiblę foodstuffs are eliminated as __.

Answer 17

Digestive;

absorbable nutrients;
feces

Question 18

__ System

Eliminates ___-containing wastes from the body; regulates ____,____, and ___ of the blood.

Answer 18

Urinary;

nitrogen;
water, electrolyte, acid-base balance

Question 19

___ system

Overall function of the this system is production of offspring. __ produce sperm and male sex hormone; __ and ___ aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. ___ produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. ____ of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborr

Answer 19

Reproductive (male and female);

Testes;
ducts and glands;
Ovaries;
Mammary glands

Question 20

Life Maintenance and Function (8)

Answer 20

Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Resposiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

Question 21

___ includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another and manipulating the external environment with our fingers

The ___ system provides the bones that the muscles pull on as they work

Answer 21

Movement;
skeletal

Question 22

___, is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them.

Answer 22

Responsiveness, or irritability

Question 23

__ is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood.

Answer 23

Digestion

Question 24

refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells.

Answer 24

Metabolism

Question 25

Metabolism... depends on the ___ and __ systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the ___ system to distribute these needed substances throughout the body. • Metabolism is regulated chiefly by ___ secreted by the glands of the ___ system.

Answer 25

digestive and respiratory; cardiovascular; hormones; endocrine

Question 26

___, the production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level.

Answer 26

Reproduction

Question 27

Which among the life maintenance and functions involves hormones? (3)

Answer 27

Metabolism Reproduction Growth

Question 28

___ can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.

Answer 28

Growth

Question 29

For growth to occur, ___ activities must occur at a faster rate than ____ ones.

Answer 29

cell-constructing; cell-destroying

Question 30

Survival Needs (5)

Answer 30

• Nutrients • Oxygen • Water • Normal Body Temperature • Atmospheric Pressure

Question 31

refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing ___ and facing ___ with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing ___. The legs are __, with feet __ on the floor and facing forward.

Answer 31

Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position,; upright; forward; forward; parallel; flat;

Question 32

describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body

Answer 32

Directional Terms

Question 33

___ = Lateral Superior = __ Anterior = ___ __ = Distal ___ = Deep ___ = Bilateral Ipsilateral = ___

Answer 33

Medial; Inferior; Posterior; Proximal; Superficial; Unilateral; Contralateral

Question 34

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Answer 34

Superior (cranial or cephalic)

Question 35

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Answer 35

Inferior (caudal)

Question 36

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Answer 36

Anterior (ventral)

Question 37

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

Answer 37

Posterior (dorsal)

Question 38

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Answer 38

Medial

Question 39

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Answer 39

Lateral

Question 40

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Answer 40

Intermediate

Question 41

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trun

Answer 41

Proximal

Question 42

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Answer 42

Distal

Question 43

Toward or at the body surface

Answer 43

Superficial (external)

Question 44

Away from the body surface; more internal

Answer 44

Deep (internal)

Question 45

• ___: anterior body trunk inferior to ribs • ___: point of shoulder • ___: forearm • ___: anterior surface of elbow • ___: armpit • ___: arm • ___: cheek area • ___: wrist • ___: neck region

Answer 45

Abdominal; Acromial; Antebrachial; Antecubital; Axillary; Brachial; Buccal; Carpal; Cervical

Question 46

• ___: hip • ___: anterior leg; the shin • ___: the curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle • ___: fingers, toes • ___: thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior) • ___: lateral part of leg • ___: forehead • ___: area where thigh meets • ___ groin

Answer 46

Coxal; Crural; Deltoid; Digital; Femoral; Fibular; Frontal; Inguinal; Body trunk;

Question 47

•___: chin • ___: nose area • ___: mouth • ___: eye area • ___: anterior knee • ___: relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest • ___ : area overlying the pelvis anteriorly • ___: genital region • ___: breastbone area

Answer 47

Mental; Nasal; Oral; Orbital; Patellar; Pectoral; Pelvic; Pubic; Sternal

Question 48

• ___: ankle region • ___: area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest • ___: navel

Answer 48

Tarsal; Thoracic; Umbilical

Question 49

• ___: heel of foot • ___: head • ___: buttock • ___: area of the back between ribs and hips; the loin • ___: posterior surface of head or base of skull • ___: posterior surface of elbow

Answer 49

Calcaneal; Cephalic; Gluteal; Lumbar; Occipital; Olecranal

Question 50

• ___: posterior knee area • ____: area between hips at base of spine • ____: shoulder blade region • ____: the posterior surface of leg; the calf • ____: area of spinal column The ___ region, or the sole of the foot, actually on the inferior body surface

Answer 50

Popliteal; Sacral; Scapular; Sural; Vertebral; plantar

Question 51

Types of Body Planes (3)

Answer 51

Sagittal plane (median, wheel) Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane Transverse (horizontal, table) plane

Question 52

• — this vertical (top to bottom) plane divides the body into left and right sides; a plane that divides the body down the middle into equal left and right sides is the ___ Plane.

Answer 52

Sagittal plane (median, wheel); Median Sagittal

Question 53

— a vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior or ventral) and back (posterior or dorsal)

Answer 53

• Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane

Question 54

— this horizontal plane is parallel to the ground and divides the body into up (toward the head) and down (toward the feet)

Answer 54

• Transverse (horizontal, table) plane

Question 55

• A ___ is any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism. However, the term usually refers to the space where internal organs develop, located between the skin and the outer lining of the gut cavity.

Answer 55

body cavity

Question 56

”The human body cavity,” normally refers to the ___ cavity because it is by far the largest one in volume.

Answer 56

ventral body

Question 57

Divisions of Body Cavity (6)

Answer 57

Cranial Cavity Vertebral cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 58

Four Quadrant Division of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 58

• Right Upper Quadrants • Right Lower Quadrants • Left Upper Quadrants • Left Lower Quadrants

Question 59

Nine Quadrant Division of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 59

umbilical region epigastric region hypogastric (pubic) region right iliac (inguinal) region; left iliac (inguinal) region right lumbar region; left lumbar region right hypochondriac region; left hypochondriac region

Question 60

• The _____ is the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).

Answer 60

umbilical region

Question 61

The ____ is located superior to the umbilical region (___ = upon, above; ___ = stomach).

Answer 61

epigastric region; epi; gastric

Question 62

The ____ region is inferior to the umbilical region (____ = below).

Answer 62

hypogastric (pubic); hypo

Question 63

The ____ and ____ region are lateral to the hypogastric region (____ = superior part of the hip bone).

Answer 63

right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac (inguinal); iliac

Question 64

The ___ and ___ region lie lateral to the umbilical region (___ = loins) and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the hip bones;

Answer 64

right lumbar region and left lumbar; lumbus

Question 65

The right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region are ___ to the epigastric region and contain the ___ (___ = cartilage).

Answer 65

lateral; lower ribs; chondro

Question 66

contains the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.

Answer 66

Oral cavity and digestive cavity

Question 67

Located within and posterior to the nose; is part of the respiratory system.

Answer 67

Nasal cavity.

Question 68

The ____ in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position.

Answer 68

orbital cavities (orbits)

Question 69

The ____ carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

Answer 69

middle ear cavities

Question 70

describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

Answer 70

Homeostasis

Question 71

Components of Homeostatic Control System (3)

Answer 71

Receptor Control center Effector

Question 72

The ____ is a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. It responds to such changes, called ____, by sending information (input) to the second component, the _____. Information flows along the ___ pathway.

Answer 72

receptor; stimuli; control center; afferent

Question 73

The ____ determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action

Answer 73

control center

Question 74

The ____, provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus. Information flows along the ___ pathway.

Answer 74

effector; efferent

Question 75

A ____ is a physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis.

Answer 75

feedback mechanism

Question 76

____ serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range.

Answer 76

Negative feedback

Question 77

___ serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is reached.

Answer 77

Positive feedback

Question 78

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are ___ feedback mechanisms

Answer 78

negative