Chapter 1 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram.
A
Ultrasound
2
Q
examines processes in cells.
A
Cell Physiology
3
Q
Uses high-frequency sound waves, which strike internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin.
A
Ultrasound
4
Q
functions of organ systems.
A
Systemic Physiology
5
Q
focuses on the nervous system
A
Neurophysiology
6
Q
the heart and blood vessels.
A
Cardiovascular physiology
7
Q
scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure, such as the size and shape of a bone.
A
Anatomy
8
Q
scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
A
Physiology
9
Q
radioactively labeled glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic State.
A
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
10
Q
can identify the metabolic states of various tissues.
A
Positron emission tomographic (PET) scans
11
Q
radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected and analyzed by computer.
A
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
12
Q
directs radio waves at a person lying inside a large electromagnetic field.
A
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
13
Q
structures examined without a microscope.
A
Gross
14
Q
studied area by area.
A
Regional
15
Q
studied system by system.
A
Systemic
16
Q
external form used to visualize deeper structures.
A
Surface
17
Q
cellular anatomy.
A
Cytology
18
Q
Study of tissues
A
Histology
19
Q
similar to a CT scan but uses a radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas.
A
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
20
Q
similar to a CT scan but uses a radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas.
A
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
21
Q
is one step beyond CT scanning. A radiopaque dye is injected into the blood, which allows for enhanced differences when compared to a noninjected scan.
A
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
22
Q
electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates radiograph.
A
X-ray
23
Q
This extremely shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph
A
X-ray
24
Q
create flat, two-dimensional (2D) image.
A
Radiographs
25
computer-analyzed x-ray images.
Computed Tomography (CT)
26
are computer-analyzed x-ray images (a). Some computers are able to take several scans short distances apart and stack the slices to produce a 3D image of a body part
CT Scan
27
12 Organ Systems of the body
Endocrine System
Digestive System
Nervous System
Skeletal System
Integumentary System
Muscular System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Lymphatic system
Urinary System
Female Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
28
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Endocrine System
29
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Endocrine System
30
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.
Skeletal System
31
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Integumentary System
32
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
Muscular System
33
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
Cardiovascular System
34
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory System
35
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
Lymphatic System
36
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Female Reproductive System
37
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
38
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Digestive system
39
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Male Reproductive System
40
Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Endocrine System
41
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous System
42
Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal System
43
Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
Integumentary System
44
Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Muscular System
45
Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Cardiovascular System
46
Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
Respiratory System
47
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
Lymphatic System
48
Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.
Female Reproductive System
49
Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Urinary System
50
Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Digestive System
51
Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Digestive System
52
Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
Male Reproductive System
53
group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. Four tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Tissue Level
54
two or more tissues functioning together.
Organ Level
55
structural and functional changes caused by disease.
Pathology
56
structural and functional changes caused by disease.
Pathology
57
changes in structure and function caused by exercise.
Exercise Physiology
58
changes in structure and function caused by exercise.
Exercise Physiology
59
interaction of atoms and molecules.
Chemical Level
60
structural and functional unit of living organisms. Combinations of molecules for structures called organelles that carry out specific functions.
Cell Level
61
structural and functional unit of living organisms. Combinations of molecules for structures called organelles that carry out specific functions.
Cell Level
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group of organs functioning together.
Organ System Level
63
group of organs functioning together.
Organ System Level
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any living thing, whether composed of one cell or many.
Organism Level
65
Shared characteristics between living things drive research.
Biomedical Research
66
Shared characteristics between living things drive research.
Biomedical Research
67
Single-celled bacteria
Cell
68
furthers human surgery and medicine.
Mammalian research
69
is regulated by feedback loops that allow for a process to be adjusted by the outcome.
Homeostasis
70
two types of feedbacks loops
negative feedback and positive feedback.
71
monitors the value of some variable by detecting a stimulus (a change in the variable)
Receptor
72
establishes the set point and receives input from the receptor.
Control Center
73
generates the response which can change the value of the variable.
Effector
74
4 Characteristics of life
* Organization
• Metabolism
• Responsiveness
• Growth
75
condition in which there are specific interrelationships and functions among the parts of an organism
Organization
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condition in which there are specific interrelationships and functions among the parts of an organism
Organization
77
the ability to used energy to perform vital functions; all chemical reactions of the body.
Metabolism
78
ability to sense changes in the interior and exterior environment and adjust; cell-to-cell communication is necessary.
Responsiveness
79
increase in size and/or number of cells.
Growth
80
maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the body.
Homeostasis
81
Characteristics of Life
Development
Differentiation
Morphogenesis
Reproduction
82
changes in an organism over time.
Development
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change from general to specific.
Differentiation
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change in shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism.
Morphogenesis
85
formation of new cells or new organisms for growth and development; allows organisms to pass on their genes to their offspring.
Reproduction
86
Regulates most systems in the body.
Negative Feedback
87
Counteracts a change in a variable (for example, body temperature) by decreasing the change to help maintain homeostasis by returning to the set point.
Negative feedback
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Counteracts a change in a variable (for example, body temperature) by decreasing the change to help maintain homeostasis by returning to the set point.
Negative feedback
89
Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart's ability to pump blood decreases.
Positive feedback
90
Effectors continue the response beyond the set point until the original stimulus is removed.
Positive feedback
91
divides body into superior and inferior sections.
Transverse (horizontal)
92
Other than at a right angle.
Oblique
93
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward.
Anatomical Position
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lying face upward.
Supine
95
lying face downward.
Prone
96
Anterior is
Forward
97
posterior is
Toward the back
98
divides body into left and right portions.
Saggital
99
is a sagittal plane down the midline of body.
Median
100
divides body into anterior and posterior sections.
Frontal (coronal)
101
surrounds the heart; contains pericardial fluid.
Pericardium
102
surrounds the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity; contains pleural fluid.
Pleura
103
surrounds many abdominal organs and lines the abdominopelvic cavity; contains peritoneal fluid.
Peritoneum
104
contains many digestive organs (for example, stomach, intestines, liver) and spleen.
Abdominal
105
contains urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs.
Pelvic
106
cut along the length of an organ.
Longitudinal
107
cut at right angle to the length of the organ.
Transverse (cross)
108
cut at any but a right angle.
Oblique
109
houses the brain
Cranial cavity
110
houses the spinal cord.
Vertebral canal
111
which is further divided into pleural cavities, each enclosing a lung, and a medial mediastinum.
Thoracic cavity
112
which contains the heart, some major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, esophagus.
mediastinum
113
regions of double-folded visceral peritoneum that is attached to certain points to the posterior abdominopelvic wall.
Mesentery
114
provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the digestive organs.
mesenteries
115
behind the peritoneum; organs or parts of organs that only have peritoneum on their peritoneal cavity side; includes the kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, part of the pancreas, parts of the large intestine, and the urinary bladder.
Retroperitoneal
116
due to infection, can be very serious.
Inflammation
117
inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
118
inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
119
inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
120
Cover the organs of body cavities and line the cavity.
Serous Membranes
121
Cover the organs of body cavities and line the cavity.
Serous Membranes
122
serous membrane that covers the organ.
visceral
123
serous membrane that covers the organ.
visceral
124
serous membrane line the cavity
parietal
125
serous membrane line the cavity
parietal
