Chapter 6 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Bone is hard and rigid; cartilage is flexible yet strong. Cartilage in nose, external ear, thoracic cage and trachea.
A
Support
2
Q
connect bone to bone.
A
Ligaments
3
Q
Skull around brain; ribs, sternum, vertebrae protect organs of thoracic cavity.
A
Protection
4
Q
Produced by muscles attached to bones via tendons.
A
Movement
5
Q
Calcium and phosphate stored and released as needed. Adipose tissue stored in marrow cavities
A
Storage
6
Q
Bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets
A
Blood cell production
7
Q
form matrix.
A
Chondroblasts
8
Q
surrounded by matrix; are within lacunae.
A
Chondrocytes
9
Q
Collagen fibers for strength, proteoglycans for resiliency.
A
Matrix
10
Q
Double-layered C.T. sheath. Covers cartilage except at articulations.
A
Perichondrium
11
Q
More delicate, has fewer fibers, contains chondroblasts.
A
Inner Perichondrium
12
Q
Blood vessels and nerves penetrate. No blood vessels in cartilage itself
A
Outer Perichondrium
13
Q
Covers bones at joints; has no perichondrium Growth.
A
Articular cartilage
14
Q
New chondrocytes and new matrix at the periphery.
A
Appositional
15
Q
Chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the cells.
A
Interstitial
16
Q
If mineral removed,
A
bone is too bendable
17
Q
If collagen removed,
A
bone is too brittle.
18
Q
Bone-building cells, produce collagen and proteoglycans
A
OSTEOBLASTS
19
Q
produced by E.R. and golgi apparatus. Released by exocytosis.
A
Collagen
20
Q
stored in vesicles, then released by exocytosis
A
Precursors of hydroxyapatite
21
Q
Formation of bone by osteoblasts.
communicate through gap junctions.
Cells surround themselves by matrix.
A
OSSIFICATION
22
Q
Mature bone cells.
Stellate.
Surrounded by matrix but can make small amounts of matrix to maintain it
A
OSTEOCYTES
23
Q
spaces occupied by osteocyte cell body.
A
Lacunae
24
Q
canals occupied by osteocyte cell extensions.
• Nutrients and gases can pass through:
• the small amount of fluid surrounding the cells in the canaliculi and lacunae
A
Canaliculi
25
Resorption of bone.
OSTEOCLASTS
26
the specialized reabsorption-specific area of the membrane
Ruffled border
27
are secreted into the extracellular space, enter the blood, and are used elsewhere in the body.
Degradation products
28
Stem cells called ____ can become osteoblasts or chondroblasts?
osteochondral progenitor cells
29
from osteochondral progenitor cells
Osteoblasts
30
from osteoblasts
Osteocytes
31
from stem cells in the red bone marrow
Osteoclasts
32
Brittle bone disorder
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
33
caused by mutations that yield reduced or defective Type I collagen
CT disease
34
• Mildest, most common form
• Too little formation of normal type I collagen
• Bones are predisposed to fracture, tendency to develop spinal curvature
Type I Ol
35
Unlike those with more severe forms of Ol, these patients have normal or near-normal stature and minimal or no bone deformities
Type I Ol
36
• Most severe
• Usually lethal within the 1st week of life due to breathing failure caused by rib fractures and underdeveloped lungs
Type II Ol
37
Characterized by bones that fracture very easily, even before and during birth.
Fractures occurring before birth often heal in poor alignment, leaving the limbs short and bent.
Type Ill Ol
38
Collagen fibers randomly oriented.
• First type of bone formed by osteoblasts during ossification.
Woven bone
39
• Osteoclasts remove old bone and osteoblasts add new.
• Woven bone is remodeled into lamellar bone.
Remodeling
40
Mature bone in concentric sheets or layers called?
lamellae
41
appears porous
Spongy bone
42
interconnecting rods or plates of bone. Like scaffolding.
Trabeculae
43
Solid, outer layer surrounding each bone; has more matrix and is denser than spongy bone.
Blood vessels enter the bone and the lamellae are oriented around the blood vessels.
Compact Bone
44
Functional unit of compact bone is an?
osteon or haversian system.
45
Composed of concentric rings of matrix around a ____ , giving the appearance of a bulls-eye?
central canal
46
parallel to long axis.
Central or Haversian canals
47
concentric, circumferential, interstitial
Lamellae
48
perpendicular to long axis.
Perforating or Volkmann's canal
49
Center portion of the bone
Diaphysis
50
primarily composed of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity.
Shaft
51
In children ___ is red marrow for blood cell formation?
Medullary cavity
52
• In adult, red marrow is replaced by?
yellow in limb bones
53
End of the bone; primarily spongy bone covered with compact bone.
Epiphysis
54
growth plate
Epiphyseal plate
55
present until growth stops.
Hyaline cartilage
56
epiphyseal plate is ossified as bone stops growing in length.
Epiphyseal line
57
epiphyseal plate is ossified as bone stops growing in length.
Epiphyseal line
58
Connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone.
Periosteum
59
is dense irregular collagenous CT containing blood vessels and nerves.
Outer fibrous layer
60
is dense irregular collagenous CT containing blood vessels and nerves.
Outer fibrous layer
61
is a single layer of bone cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteochondral progenitor cells.
inner fibrous layer
62
some periosteal fibers penetrate through the periosteum and into the bone. Strengthen attachment of tendon to bone.
Perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)
63
Single cellular layer of CT that lines all internal spaces of all cavities within the bones, such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone.
Endosteum
64
Includes osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral progenitor cells.
Endosteum
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No diaphyses, epiphyses.
Sandwich of spongy between compact bone.
Flat bones
66
Compact bone that surrounds spongy bone center; similar to structure of epiphyses of long bones.
Short and irregular bones.
67
air-filled spaces lined by mucous membranes.
sinuses
68
Takes place in embryonic connective tissue membrane.
Intramembranous ossification
69
Takes place in cartilage.
Endochondral ossification
70
Takes place in connective tissue membrane formed from embryonic mesenchyme.
Intramembranous Ossification
71
locations in membrane where ossification begins.
Centers of ossification
72
large membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones; unossified.
Fontanels
73
Some embryonic mesenchymal cells in the connective tissue membrane differentiate into osteochondral progenitor cells which then form osteoblasts.
Osteoblast formation
74
Additional osteoblasts gather on the surfaces of the trabeculae and produce more bone, thereby causing the trabeculae to become larger and longer.
Spongy bone formation
75
forms as the trabeculae join together in an interconnected network of trabeculae separated by spaces.
Spongy bone
76
Cells within the spaces of the spongy bone specialize to form red bone marrow, and cells surrounding the developing bone specialize to form the periosteum.
Compact bone formation
77
converts woven bone to lamellar bone and contributes to the final shape of the bone.
Remodeling
78
Forms bones of the base of the skull, part of the mandible, epiphyses of the clavicles, and most of remaining bones of skeletal system.
Endochondral Ossification
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formation begins at end of fourth week of development.
Cartilage
80
Embryonic mesenchyme cells aggregate in regions of future bone formation.
Cartilage Model Formation
81
As the chondroblasts are surrounded by cartilage matrix, they become?
chondrocytes
82
is continuous with tissue that will become the joint capsule later in development.
perichondrium
83
When blood vessels invade the perichondrium surrounding the cartilage model, osteochondral progenitor cells within the perichondrium become osteoblasts that produce compact bone on the surface of the cartilage model, forming a?
Bone Collar Formation
84
Blood vessels grow into the enlarged lacunae of the calcified cartilage.
Primary Ossification Center Formation
85
forms as osteoblasts produce bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage.
primary ossification center
86
These centers are created in the epiphyses by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphyses.
Secondary Ossification Center Formation
87
appear during early fetal development, whereas secondary ossification appear later.
Primary ossification centers
88
In mature bone, spongy and compact bone are fully developed, and the epiphyseal plate has become the epiphyseal line.
Adult bone
89
epiphyseal plate is ossified becoming the epiphyseal line. Between 12 and 25 years of age.
Closure of epiphyseal plate
90
does not ossify and persists through life
Articular cartilage
91
contain slowly dividing chondrocytes.
Zone of resting cartilage
92
New cartilage is produced on the. epiphyseal side of the plate as the chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells.
Zone of proliferation
93
Chondrocytes mature and enlarge.
Zone of hypertrophy
94
Matrix is calcified, and chondrocytes die.
Zone of calcification
95
The cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the plate is replaced by bone.
Ossified bone
96
is one of the most critical factors of bone strength.
Bone width
97
Lack of calcium, protein and other nutrients during growth and development can cause bones to be small.
Nutrition
98
Necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines.
Can be ingested or manufactured in the body.
Vitamin D
99
lack of vitamin D during childhood.
Rickets
100
During this process, cells move into the damaged area and form a callus, which is replaced by bone.
Bone Repair
101
lack of vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones.
Osteomalacia
102
Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts.
Vitamin C
103
deficiency of vitamin C.
Scurvy
104
Lack of ___ also causes wounds not to heal, teeth to fall out?
vitamin C
105
Lack of ___ also causes wounds not to heal, teeth to fall out?
vitamin C
106
from anterior pituitary. Stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth.
Growth hormone
107
required for growth of all tissues.
Thyroid hormone
108
such as estrogen and testosterone. Cause growth at puberty, but also cause closure of the epiphyseal plates and the cessation of growth.
Reproductive hormones
109
excessive growth hormone secretion during growing years.
Gigantism
110
insufficient growth hormone during growing years.
Dwarfism
111
bones become thick or develop abnormal spurs, or projections that can interfere with normal function.
Too much is deposited
112
weakens the bones & making them susceptible to fracture.
Too little bone formation / too much bone removal
113
Increased stress causes bone to increase in strength.
Mechanical Stress and Bone Strength
114
Traumatic, disease (pathological), at location of an implant on the bone (periprosthetic)
Mechanism of fracture
115
Closed versus open
Soft-tissue damage
116
Linear, spiral, avulsion, stress, compression.
Fracture pattern
117
Incomplete, complete, comminuted.
Number of fragments in the fractured bone.
118
Greenstick and epiphyseal fractures.
Age-specific
119
Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms
Hematoma formation
120
A fibrous network forms between two fragments
Callus formation
121
Cartilage model forms first then osteoblasts enter the callus and form spongy bone (This continues for 4-6 weeks after injury)
Callus ossification
122
Spongy bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and spongy bone.
Bone remodeling
123
Three hormones control blood calcium levels:
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• Calcitriol (biologically active form of vitamin D3).
• Calcitonin.
124
• Increases blood calcium by stimulating intestinal absorption of calcium.
• Derived from vitamin D3.
Calcitriol
125
Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Calcitonin
126
is porous bones, a loss of bone matrix.
Osteoporosis
