Chapter 4 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition of noncellular, — and cell function.
A
extracellular matrix
2
Q
microscopic study of tissues.
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Histology
3
Q
removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
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Biopsy
4
Q
examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death.
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Autopsy
5
Q
form early in embryonic development and give rise to all tissues of the body.
A
Embryonic germ layers
6
Q
• Inner layer
• Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives
A
Endoderm
7
Q
• Middle layer
• Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels
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Mesoderm
8
Q
• Outer layer
• Forms skin and neuroectoderm (which forms nervous system; neural crest cells give rise to peripheral nerves, skin pigment cells, medulla of the adrenal gland, and face tissues.)
A
Ectoderm
9
Q
• Mostly composed of cells; very little extracellular matrix
• Covers body surfaces and forms glands.
A
epithelial tissue
10
Q
connects the basal layer to underlying tissue
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Basement membrane
11
Q
materials must move by diffusion from underlying connective tissue
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Avascular
12
Q
Consists of two layers - basal lamina and reticular lamina
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Basement Membrane
13
Q
Consists of two layers - basal lamina and reticular lamina
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Basement Membrane
14
Q
consists of lamina lucida and lamina densa
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Basal lamina
15
Q
one layer of cells. Each extends from basement membrane to the free surface.
A
Simple
16
Q
more than one layer. Shape of cells of the apical layer used to name the tissue.
A
Stratified
17
Q
tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane, so it is in fact simple.
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Pseudostratified columnar
18
Q
special type of stratified epithelium where the cell shape changes from cuboidal/columnar to squamous-like when stretched.
A
Transitional
19
Q
flat, scalelike.
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Squamous
20
Q
about equal in height and width.
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Cuboidal
21
Q
taller than wide.
A
Columnar
22
Q
Free surfaces of epithelium.
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Free Surface Modifications
23
Q
reduce friction; called endothelium
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Smooth
24
Q
in transitional epithelium where organ must be able to change shape; urinary bladder.
A
Folds
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increase surface area for absorption or secretion.
Microvilli
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are modified as sensory receptors; stereocilia of the inner ear (not cilia).
Specialized microvilli
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move mucus across the surface of cells.
Cilia
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Cell Connections
Found on lateral and basal surfaces of cells.
29
disk-shaped regions of cell membrane; often found in areas that are subjected to stress.
• Consists of an especially adhesive material between the cells and intermediate protein filaments that extend into cytoplasm of cells.
• Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin.
Desmosomes
30
half of a desmosome; attach epithelial cells to basement membrane preventing movement of the tissue.
Hemidesmosomes
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hold cells together, form permeability barrier.
Tight Junctions
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found just below tight junctions that help anchor epithelial cells to each other to prevent passage of materials between cells; provides additional strength to the tight junctions.
Adhesion belts
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protein channels aid intercellular communication.
• Allows ions and small molecules to pass through.
• Function in epithelium is unclear.
Gap Junctions
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protein channels aid intercellular communication.
• Allows ions and small molecules to pass through.
• Function in epithelium is unclear.
Gap Junctions
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Specialized secretory organs of epithelium with supporting network of С.Т.
Glands
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no open contact with exterior; no ducts; have an extensive network of blood vessels; produce hormones.
Endocrine
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open contact maintained with exterior by way ducts that open onto the free surface of the epithelium.
Exocrine
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• Multicellular glands with a single, nonbranched duct.
• Secretory portion can be tubular or acinar (sac-like)
• Includes simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple acinar, and simple branched acinar
Simple glands
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• Multicellular glands with ducts with many branches.
• Secretory portion may be tubular, acinar or both.
• Includes compound tubular, compound acinar, and compound tubuloacinar.
Compound glands
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exocytosis (most common type).
Merocrine
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pinched off fragments of gland cells; mammary glands and ceruminous glands.
Apocrine
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shedding of entire cells; sebaceous glands.
Holocrine
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Abundant; found in every organ.
Connective Tissue
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Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix. Descriptive word stems.
Cells of Connective Tissue
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create the matrix.
Blasts
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maintain the matrix.
Cytes
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break the matrix down for remodeling.
Clasts
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form the structural framework of the body include bone cells, cartilage cells, and fibrous tissue cells.
C.T. cells
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form bone, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down.
Osteoblasts
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_____ form cartilage and _____ maintain it
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
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____ form fibrous connective tissue and ____ maintain it.
Fibroblasts and fibrocytes
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Common in some tissues (dermis of skin); rare in some (cartilage).
Adipose or fat cells (adipocytes)
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Common beneath membranes and along small blood vessels. Important role in inflammation; can release heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury.
Mast cells
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Respond to injury or infection.
White blood cells (leukocytes)
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Phagocytize to provide protection against foreign and injured cells.
Macrophages
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stay in position in connective tissue.
Fixed
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move by amoeboid movement through the connective tissue.
Wandering
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Fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting
Platelets
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Have potential to differentiate into adult cell types
Undifferentiated mesenchyme (stem cells)
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Three major components to the extracellular matrix: protein fibers, ground substance, fluid.
Extracellular Matrix
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Most common protein in body; strong, flexible, inelastic.
Collagen
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Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks.
Reticular
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Returns to its original shape after distension or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs; molecules are cross-linked.
Elastic
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Most common molecules are called the?
ground substance
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polysaccharide. Good lubricant. Vitreous humor of eye.
Hyaluronic acid
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protein and long polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans. Protein part attaches to hyaluronic acid. Trap large amounts of water.
Proteoglycans
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hold proteoglycan aggregates together. Chondronectin in cartilage, osteonectin in bone, fibronectin in fibrous connective tissue.
Adhesive molecules
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2 Embryonic CT:
• Mesenchyme.
• Mucous CT.
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2 Embryonic CT:
• Mesenchyme.
• Mucous CT.
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fewer fibers, more ground substance; areolar, adipose, reticular
Loose
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fewer fibers, more ground substance; areolar, adipose, reticular
Loose
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more fibers, less ground substance; dense regular and irregular collagenous, dense regular and irregular elastic
Dense
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semisolid matrix; hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Cartilage
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solid matrix; spongy and compact
Bone
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Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. Fibroblasts of perichondrium can differentiate into chondroblasts.
Perichondrium
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Types of cartilage
• Hyaline.
• Fibrocartilage.
• Elastic.
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gives strength and rigidity; allows bone to support and protect other tissues and organs.
Matrix
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collagen fibers.
Organic
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hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate).
Inorganic
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located in lacunae with a rich blood supply.
Osteocytes
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• Contracts or shortens with force.
• Moves body and pumps blood.
Muscle Tissue
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most attached to skeleton, but some attached to other types of connective tissue; striated and voluntary.
Skeletal
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muscle of the heart; striated and involuntary.
Cardiac
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muscle associated with tubular structures and with the skin; nonstriated and involuntary.
Smooth
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have the ability to produce electrical signals called action potentials.
Neurons (nerve cells)
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contains nucleus.
Cell body
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cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body; usually only one per neuron.
Axon
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cell processes; receive impulses from other neurons; can be many per neuron.
Dendrites
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are support cells of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
Glia
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Thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. Consist of superficial epithelial tissue and underlying connective tissue. Cutaneous mucous, serous, and synovial.
Tissue Membranes
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• Line cavities that open to the outside of body.
• Secrete mucus.
• Contains epithelium with goblet cells, basement membrane, lamina propria (sometimes with smooth muscle).
• Found in respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
Mucous
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Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium, basement membrane, thin layer of loose C.T.
• Line cavities not open to exterior.
• Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal.
Serous
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• Line freely movable joints.
• Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid.
Synovial
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Body responds to tissue damage or infection with an?
inflammatory response
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in the skin causes damage and introduces bacteria.
splinter
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Chemical mediators of inflammation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and others) are released or activated in injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels. Some blood vessels rupture, causing bleeding.
97
Chemical mediators cause capillaries to ___ and the skin to become red and warm.
dilate
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new cells of same type are produced; function is restored.
Regeneration
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new type of tissue develops, resulting in scar and loss of some function.
Replacement
100
capable of mitosis through life; skin, mucous membranes, hematopoietic tissue, lymphatic tissue.
Labile
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no mitosis after growth ends, but can divide after injury; liver, pancreas, endocrine cells.
Stable
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if killed, replaced by a different type of cell; limited regenerative ability; nervous, skeletal and cardiac muscle.
Permanent
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edges of wound are close together. Wound fills with blood.
Primary union
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fibrin threads start to contract; pull edges together.
Clot forms
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Inflammatory response; pus forms as white cells die.
Scab
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Replaces clot, delicate C.T. composed of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, capillaries.
Granulation tissue
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Formed from granulation tissue. Tissue turns from red to white as capillaries are forced out.
Scar
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occurs leading to greater scarring.
Wound contraction
109
Blood vessel permeability increases, resulting in?
edema
110
isolates and walls off microorganisms and other foreign matter.
Fibrin
111
Phagocytic white cells called ___ then move into the tissue to help fight the infection?
neutrophils
112
from surrounding CT migrate into the clot and produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components.
Fibroblasts
113
cancers of epithelial tissue; include nearly all lung, breast, colon, prostate, and skin cancers.
Carcinomas
114
derived from glandular epithelium.
Adenocarcinomas
115
relatively rare cancers of mesodermal tissue (connective and muscular)
Sarcomas
