Chapter 1

Question 1

Atoms are made up of _______, _______, _______

Answer 1

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Question 2

each element is distnguished by the number of _______ in the nucleus = _______

Answer 2

protons, atomic number

Question 3

electrons are found in _______, which are grouped into different _______ found at different distances from the nucleus

Answer 3

orbitals, shells

Question 4

the most common _______ elements are found in the first __ rows of the period table: electrons are found in just the first __ electron shells

Answer 4

organic, 2, 2

Question 5

The first shell (n=1) consists of just the 1s orbital and can hold ___ electrons

Answer 5

2

Question 6

the second shell (n=2) consists of the 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz orbitals and can hold __ electrons

Answer 6

8

Question 7

What principle states that an electron will fill the lowest energy orbital first

Answer 7

Aufbau’s principle

Question 8

In ionic bonding, electrons are _______ from one atom to another in an attempt to fulfill their _______. The resulting Ions have _______ charges, which _______ each other

Answer 8

transferred, octet, opposite, attract

Question 9

in covalent bonding, electrons are _______ between atoms in an attempt to fulfill their octet

Answer 9

shared

Question 10

Octet rule: atoms desire to have a filled shell of electrons. A _______ shell means 8 valence elections. (exception H and He want __)

Answer 10

full, 2

Question 11

What are the common bonding patterns of H, C, N, O, and Cl (halogens)

Answer 11

H: one bond
C: 4 bonds
N: 3 bonds, 1 lone pair
O: 2 bonds, 2 lone pairs
Cl (halogens): 1 bond, 3 lone pairs

Question 12

A bonding pair of e- is symbolized by a pair of _______ or _______

Answer 12

dots, dash

Question 13

lone pairs are _______ e- that are not shared between 2 atoms

Answer 13

nonbonding

Question 14

Nonpolar covalent bonds have electrons which are shared _______ between the 2 atoms

Answer 14

equally

Question 15

Polar covalent bonds have bonding electron which are shared _______ between two atoms

Answer 15

unequally

Question 16

Formal charge =

Answer 16

group # - (nonbonding e-) - (1/2 shared e-)
group # - bats - balls

Question 17

Some organic compounds contain _______ bonds

Answer 17

ionic

Question 18

Some organic compounds can be drawn either _______ or _______

Answer 18

covalently or ionically

Question 19

resonance = movement of _______ only! _______ cannot be moved

Answer 19

electrons
atoms

Question 20

The negative charge is _______ (spread out) over both O1 and O2 atoms. Spreading the negative charge over two atoms makes the ion ______ stable than it would be if localized in only one atom. This is known as _______

Answer 20

localized
more
resonance stabilization

Question 21

When can you draw resonance?

Answer 21

When an atom with a lone pair, positive charge, or negative charge is adjacent to a double or triple bond

*special: when atom with lone pair is next to atom with positive charge

Question 22

Resonance rules:
1) resonance forms must be valid _______ for the compound and follow the _______ rule
2) move only ______, never move atoms
3) all _______ must remain the same
4) single bonds are very _______ and are rarely involved in resonance
5) the major resonance contributor is the one with the _______ energy and follow most important to least important
a) _____ satisfied
b) _____ charges
c) negative charges prefer _____ atoms
6) EN atoms can hold a _______ charge only if they have octets
7) more resonance structures = _______ energy

Answer 22

1) lewis structures, octet
2) electrons
3) bond angles
4) stable
5) lower
a) octets
b) minimize
c) EN
6) positive
7) lower

Question 23

Condensed structural formula does not show all the individual _______

Answer 23

bonds

Question 24

in structural formula, _______, _______, _______ are shown and H is invisible unless bonded to an atoms that is shown.

Answer 24

N
O
halogens

Question 25

Atomic Orbitals can be described by its _______ which is the _______ description of the shape of the wave as it vibrates

Answer 25

wave function mathematical

Question 26

the square of the wave function tells us where the _______ is the highest

Answer 26

electron density

Question 27

where is electron density highest for the s orbital

Answer 27

at the nucleus

Question 28

2p atomic orbitals have __ lobes which are _______ and are seperated by a _______

Answer 28

2 out of phase (- and +) node

Question 29

the more nodes an orbital contains the _______ the energy

Answer 29

higher

Question 30

atomic orbitals can combine to generate new, more complex, orbitals in a process called _______

Answer 30

linear combination of atomic orbitals

Question 31

orbitals on _______ atoms interact to produce _______ that lead to bonding or antibonding interactions

Answer 31

different molecular orbitals

Question 32

orbitals on the _______ atom interact to produce ______ orbitals that define the geometry of the bonds

Answer 32

same hybrid atomic orbitals

Question 33

The stability of a covalent bond results from a large amount of electron density in the _______ region

Answer 33

bonding

Question 34

in the bonding region, electrons are shared between the atoms and are close to both nuclei's creating _______

Answer 34

molecular orbital

Question 35

as 2 H's with the same sign approach each other, their 1s orbital can add _______ to form a ______ bond

Answer 35

constructively sigma

Question 36

all single bonds are sigma bonds, and every double or triple bond contains __ sigma bond

Answer 36

1

Question 37

all double bonds are pi bonds, and every triple bond contains __ pi bond

Answer 37

2

Question 38

as 2 H's with opposing signs approach each other, their 1s orbital can add _______ to form a ______ bond. The result is a _______ separating the 2 atoms

Answer 38

destructively anti-bonding node

Question 39

Bonding MO have _______ energy compared to anti-bonding

Answer 39

lower

Question 40

if electrons are found in the _______ MO the molecule likely won't exist

Answer 40

anti-bonding

Question 41

a pi bond result from the overlap between two p orbitals that are ________ to the line connecting the nuclei. This overlap is _______, not linear like a sigma bond

Answer 41

perpendicular parallel

Question 42

Hybrid atomic orbitals: mixing of orbitals on the _______ atom. Their geometry accounts for the actual structures and _______ angles observed in organic compounds

Answer 42

same bond

Question 43

electron pairs ______ each other and will adopt an arrangement that _______ repulsion

Answer 43

repel minimizes

Question 44

When resonance is possible, the _______ hybridization option will be the truth

Answer 44

lower

Question 45

rotation about the _______ bond is allowed, but a _______ is rigid and cannot be twisted under normal conditions

Answer 45

single double

Question 46

Rotation of a _______ bond usually represents the same compound. This is an example of _______ isomerism.

Answer 46

single conformational

Question 47

Double bonds tend to be rigid, therefor the placement of the groups attached to the double bond matters and can result in_______ different compounds. what is an example?

Answer 47

two cis and trans

Question 48

Constitutional (structural) isomers: _______ molecular formula, _______ connectivity. The number of isomers _______ rapidly as the number of carbon atoms increase

Answer 48

same different increases

Question 49

Stereoisomerisms: _______ molecular formula, ______ connectivity, _______ spatial orientation

Answer 49

same same different